Table 6c: Union membership and union coverage within the state and local education, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2025
By state
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Change
2025-2024 2025-2019
Coverage (%)
Northeast 72.4% 75.0% 73.9% 72.4% 69.8% 72.9% 68.2% −4.6 −4.2
New England 66.2% 70.3% 66.7% 67.0% 66.3% 68.2% 66.9% −1.2 0.7
Connecticut 73.0% 83.4% 75.3% 67.3% 75.2% 62.3% 66.7% 4.4 −6.3
Maine 59.0% 64.7% 58.3% 58.0% 46.5% 73.0% 59.0% −14.0 0.1
Massachusetts 65.5% 63.7% 65.8% 69.8% 66.8% 74.4% 71.5% −2.9 6.0
New Hampshire 57.8% 62.1% 60.5% 62.3% 61.0% 52.3% 50.9% −1.4 −6.9
Rhode Island 69.1% 83.5% 69.8% 74.4% 64.0% 73.0% 67.9% −5.0 −1.2
Vermont 59.6% 63.1% 59.4% 55.5% 62.3% 59.0% 58.7% −0.4 −1.0
Middle Atlantic 75.1% 76.7% 76.5% 74.8% 71.2% 74.8% 68.8% −6.0 −6.3
New Jersey 71.2% 74.0% 73.3% 71.3% 67.6% 72.5% 67.2% −5.3 −4.0
New York 78.9% 79.5% 80.6% 78.1% 74.8% 80.3% 72.4% −7.9 −6.5
Pennsylvania 71.5% 73.0% 70.9% 71.9% 68.2% 64.4% 62.0% −2.5 −9.5
Midwest 44.4% 50.5% 48.0% 46.3% 45.6% 43.9% 44.4% 0.5 0.1
East North Central 46.5% 52.0% 52.3% 50.1% 48.3% 46.2% 47.6% 1.4 1.1
Illinois 55.1% 69.2% 59.5% 61.9% 58.2% 60.2% 55.0% −5.2 −0.2
Indiana 33.3% 37.7% 40.6% 32.1% 28.6% 32.8% 36.2% 3.5 2.9
Michigan 48.8% 48.4% 60.1% 58.0% 48.0% 40.6% 46.2% 5.6 −2.6
Ohio 51.2% 59.0% 57.8% 53.8% 58.9% 54.4% 58.0% 3.6 6.8
Wisconsin 34.4% 31.9% 32.9% 24.0% 30.0% 21.2% 23.3% 2.1 −11.1
West North Central 40.6% 47.9% 39.9% 39.5% 40.4% 39.4% 39.4% 0.0 −1.2
Iowa 26.4% 36.8% 29.6% 29.0% 27.1% 36.4% 34.2% −2.3 7.8
Kansas 29.6% 29.3% 27.1% 34.4% 31.4% 30.0% 30.3% 0.3 0.7
Minnesota 57.3% 73.6% 61.0% 53.5% 59.6% 70.3% 62.2% −8.1 4.9
Missouri 46.4% 47.6% 39.2% 40.3% 39.9% 27.1% 34.1% 7.0 −12.2
Nebraska 38.9% 38.7% 31.7% 26.5% 39.2% 32.9% 28.4% −4.5 −10.4
North Dakota 30.5% 27.1% 33.0% 38.0% 25.7% 21.7% 26.1% 4.4 −4.4
South Dakota 29.4% 20.3% 14.0% 27.8% 18.4% 8.4% 5.6% −2.8 −23.8
South 24.2% 26.3% 24.4% 23.7% 24.5% 22.6% 23.2% 0.6 −1.0
South Atlantic 26.5% 30.2% 29.2% 24.6% 25.1% 24.8% 25.4% 0.7 −1.0
Delaware 42.0% 48.5% 45.1% 53.1% 44.5% 53.7% 39.9% −13.8 −2.1
District Of Columbia 43.9% 46.3% 42.7% 49.5% 47.0% 39.8% 43.6% 3.8 −0.3
Florida 39.3% 42.7% 37.2% 31.5% 37.9% 32.2% 29.6% −2.6 −9.7
Georgia 13.1% 23.4% 24.2% 23.1% 19.8% 18.1% 25.7% 7.6 12.6
Maryland 59.7% 57.4% 58.5% 51.8% 52.5% 54.5% 55.8% 1.3 −3.9
North Carolina 11.5% 10.7% 11.5% 11.4% 7.6% 5.7% 8.3% 2.6 −3.2
South Carolina 9.2% 9.1% 4.2% 4.3% 6.4% 13.2% 11.0% −2.2 1.8
Virginia 15.2% 23.6% 30.3% 14.0% 13.9% 18.8% 15.9% −2.9 0.8
West Virginia 43.1% 43.5% 44.5% 34.8% 42.4% 37.5% 36.6% −1.0 −6.5
East South Central 25.2% 24.0% 24.1% 30.8% 28.8% 24.1% 21.9% −2.1 −3.3
Alabama 36.6% 30.7% 29.9% 36.9% 32.2% 35.7% 31.6% −4.0 −5.0
Kentucky 25.1% 20.0% 25.8% 33.9% 39.8% 30.2% 25.5% −4.6 0.4
Mississippi 23.5% 26.1% 16.5% 18.0% 21.6% 17.4% 15.3% −2.1 −8.2
Tennessee 16.7% 21.0% 22.3% 30.0% 20.9% 14.8% 16.4% 1.6 −0.3
West South Central 20.0% 21.8% 17.5% 19.7% 21.7% 19.2% 20.9% 1.7 0.9
Arkansas 14.1% 14.2% 9.4% 12.0% 11.2% 15.8% 9.1% −6.7 −5.0
Louisiana 21.6% 21.0% 18.9% 16.4% 18.5% 18.2% 20.8% 2.6 −0.9
Oklahoma 38.8% 29.9% 28.6% 28.9% 33.7% 26.3% 30.3% 4.1 −8.5
Texas 17.6% 21.7% 16.9% 19.8% 21.2% 18.5% 20.6% 2.1 3.0
West 51.8% 52.1% 54.2% 54.2% 49.5% 48.1% 46.2% −1.9 −5.6
Mountain 29.1% 28.9% 29.5% 25.8% 26.0% 24.5% 23.4% −1.2 −5.7
Arizona 20.0% 31.5% 27.8% 13.0% 14.1% 12.1% 11.9% −0.2 −8.1
Colorado 37.6% 25.2% 28.3% 23.5% 32.1% 29.7% 27.1% −2.5 −10.4
Idaho 26.7% 24.9% 24.4% 21.9% 17.0% 24.1% 22.1% −2.0 −4.6
Montana 51.5% 50.6% 49.8% 54.4% 48.5% 57.5% 54.7% −2.8 3.2
Nevada 34.4% 48.8% 56.1% 46.6% 48.7% 49.9% 47.7% −2.2 13.3
New Mexico 29.6% 27.2% 24.3% 32.5% 25.1% 23.9% 25.9% 1.9 −3.7
Utah 17.4% 18.0% 22.8% 27.3% 21.4% 18.6% 16.0% −2.6 −1.4
Wyoming 21.4% 21.0% 15.0% 21.2% 20.2% 15.0% 19.4% 4.4 −2.1
Pacific 63.5% 64.8% 67.6% 67.7% 62.2% 60.8% 58.5% −2.2 −5.0
Alaska 48.2% 55.4% 58.9% 51.6% 43.5% 55.3% 57.0% 1.6 8.8
California 61.7% 62.0% 65.9% 67.8% 62.9% 59.7% 56.4% −3.3 −5.3
Hawaii 68.4% 73.9% 62.7% 71.3% 69.6% 75.9% 76.2% 0.3 7.8
Oregon 69.8% 67.7% 75.2% 68.8% 54.3% 59.3% 68.6% 9.3 −1.2
Washington 68.4% 73.0% 71.4% 68.1% 64.1% 64.1% 60.5% −3.6 −7.9
Membership (%)
Northeast 68.5% 72.2% 69.6% 68.5% 67.4% 69.3% 65.5% −3.8 −3.0
New England 63.0% 67.0% 63.3% 63.8% 64.0% 63.6% 64.6% 0.9 1.6
Connecticut 70.8% 81.8% 74.4% 65.9% 74.2% 59.1% 63.3% 4.2 −7.5
Maine 52.4% 53.6% 47.7% 49.2% 37.0% 54.9% 52.1% −2.7 −0.3
Massachusetts 63.3% 62.4% 63.1% 67.1% 65.7% 71.3% 71.0% −0.3 7.7
New Hampshire 49.3% 54.1% 58.0% 56.4% 57.3% 42.9% 44.7% 1.8 −4.6
Rhode Island 65.1% 81.4% 67.3% 71.1% 61.9% 73.0% 66.5% −6.4 1.5
Vermont 56.7% 58.2% 50.4% 52.1% 57.3% 56.5% 53.7% −2.8 −3.0
Middle Atlantic 70.8% 74.2% 71.9% 70.5% 68.7% 71.6% 65.8% −5.7 −5.0
New Jersey 65.8% 71.3% 65.9% 68.2% 65.3% 69.8% 62.4% −7.5 −3.4
New York 75.2% 76.8% 76.1% 74.1% 71.7% 76.7% 70.9% −5.7 −4.3
Pennsylvania 67.5% 71.2% 68.7% 66.2% 66.3% 61.7% 57.9% −3.7 −9.6
Midwest 40.0% 45.3% 41.6% 41.2% 40.3% 38.4% 38.8% 0.4 −1.2
East North Central 42.7% 48.0% 46.2% 46.5% 43.5% 40.7% 42.6% 2.0 0.0
Illinois 53.7% 66.2% 54.7% 60.1% 52.8% 56.1% 53.0% −3.1 −0.7
Indiana 25.2% 30.5% 31.3% 24.4% 22.2% 22.6% 30.2% 7.6 5.0
Michigan 44.9% 44.1% 53.1% 53.6% 43.3% 35.9% 40.2% 4.3 −4.7
Ohio 49.0% 57.0% 53.2% 51.0% 56.7% 48.5% 51.6% 3.1 2.7
Wisconsin 28.2% 26.1% 26.0% 19.9% 22.9% 17.5% 16.9% −0.6 −11.3
West North Central 35.2% 40.6% 32.9% 31.5% 34.3% 34.0% 32.7% −1.3 −2.5
Iowa 18.3% 21.0% 20.2% 14.9% 19.4% 24.9% 24.8% −0.2 6.4
Kansas 25.3% 20.2% 16.4% 21.1% 21.2% 21.8% 16.3% −5.5 −9.0
Minnesota 55.0% 68.8% 57.5% 51.9% 57.6% 67.5% 58.4% −9.1 3.4
Missouri 39.9% 43.6% 31.1% 32.2% 32.2% 23.6% 27.4% 3.8 −12.6
Nebraska 31.0% 35.5% 28.6% 20.4% 32.5% 30.4% 25.1% −5.3 −5.9
North Dakota 25.9% 22.4% 22.6% 31.4% 21.9% 17.0% 20.1% 3.1 −5.8
South Dakota 19.8% 12.8% 9.7% 19.3% 16.7% 5.8% 5.6% −0.1 −14.2
South 20.0% 21.9% 19.7% 19.1% 19.5% 19.0% 19.8% 0.8 −0.2
South Atlantic 22.5% 26.0% 24.0% 19.8% 19.5% 21.9% 22.4% 0.5 −0.1
Delaware 41.1% 46.0% 43.9% 48.8% 35.8% 49.4% 35.5% −13.9 −5.6
District Of Columbia 41.2% 40.0% 41.6% 46.1% 45.4% 39.8% 43.6% 3.8 2.4
Florida 33.3% 36.6% 31.1% 25.8% 26.1% 28.2% 24.8% −3.4 −8.4
Georgia 11.3% 17.2% 20.9% 17.4% 16.9% 17.0% 21.9% 4.9 10.7
Maryland 52.1% 56.9% 53.6% 45.3% 44.8% 48.2% 55.8% 7.6 3.7
North Carolina 8.0% 8.8% 7.5% 7.2% 6.7% 4.7% 7.0% 2.3 −1.0
South Carolina 7.6% 4.8% 3.1% 3.1% 4.4% 8.1% 6.5% −1.6 −1.1
Virginia 12.8% 19.4% 19.6% 10.4% 10.1% 17.3% 13.1% −4.2 0.3
West Virginia 38.9% 40.6% 39.6% 31.1% 35.7% 33.5% 34.1% 0.6 −4.8
East South Central 20.4% 21.2% 19.4% 25.4% 24.0% 18.6% 18.3% −0.3 −2.1
Alabama 29.9% 28.7% 25.9% 33.9% 29.6% 31.1% 29.1% −2.0 −0.8
Kentucky 18.5% 15.6% 17.4% 18.9% 32.4% 19.4% 21.4% 2.0 3.0
Mississippi 20.7% 23.6% 10.9% 14.5% 14.5% 11.2% 8.9% −2.3 −11.8
Tennessee 13.8% 18.9% 20.2% 28.7% 17.4% 11.9% 13.5% 1.7 −0.3
West South Central 16.0% 16.6% 13.5% 15.5% 17.5% 15.5% 17.3% 1.8 1.2
Arkansas 10.2% 11.7% 6.0% 9.9% 8.0% 12.8% 6.3% −6.5 −4.0
Louisiana 19.0% 19.0% 17.1% 10.6% 14.2% 13.3% 17.5% 4.2 −1.6
Oklahoma 30.8% 20.5% 23.8% 20.1% 27.6% 21.9% 25.8% 3.9 −5.0
Texas 14.0% 16.1% 12.6% 16.2% 17.3% 15.0% 17.0% 2.0 3.0
West 47.6% 47.2% 50.5% 50.3% 45.6% 44.4% 42.2% −2.2 −5.4
Mountain 23.5% 21.8% 23.8% 20.4% 21.1% 21.3% 19.8% −1.6 −3.7
Arizona 14.7% 16.0% 19.5% 10.9% 11.0% 8.9% 11.1% 2.2 −3.6
Colorado 32.7% 22.7% 26.6% 20.0% 27.3% 29.0% 25.2% −3.8 −7.5
Idaho 21.3% 21.7% 15.8% 14.7% 13.9% 21.0% 15.7% −5.3 −5.6
Montana 43.3% 48.4% 42.5% 48.4% 43.1% 51.1% 50.3% −0.8 7.1
Nevada 29.8% 35.5% 45.7% 35.1% 33.9% 45.7% 39.5% −6.2 9.7
New Mexico 22.3% 21.2% 22.1% 28.0% 22.0% 18.3% 17.4% −0.8 −4.9
Utah 10.3% 14.6% 15.2% 18.3% 17.1% 14.0% 11.4% −2.6 1.1
Wyoming 17.1% 17.5% 12.9% 15.1% 14.8% 12.0% 16.1% 4.0 −1.0
Pacific 60.1% 61.1% 65.0% 64.4% 58.8% 56.8% 54.4% −2.4 −5.7
Alaska 45.4% 47.3% 54.6% 46.6% 40.8% 51.9% 46.7% −5.2 1.4
California 57.9% 58.8% 63.5% 64.4% 59.6% 56.4% 52.2% −4.2 −5.7
Hawaii 66.0% 70.8% 60.3% 66.1% 68.3% 73.5% 74.8% 1.3 8.8
Oregon 64.1% 62.9% 69.7% 63.9% 54.3% 49.6% 60.4% 10.9 −3.7
Washington 67.1% 68.7% 69.7% 66.1% 58.5% 60.0% 58.3% −1.7 −8.8
Coverage
Northeast 1,060,000 1,034,000 1,043,000 1,020,000 1,040,000 1,131,000 1,065,000 −67,000 4,000
New England 292,000 261,000 249,000 286,000 276,000 307,000 307,000 0 15,000
Connecticut 83,000 83,000 68,000 71,000 76,000 73,000 65,000 −8,000 −18,000
Maine 21,000 27,000 23,000 22,000 16,000 21,000 19,000 −2,000 −2,000
Massachusetts 132,000 96,000 104,000 132,000 134,000 160,000 169,000 8,000 37,000
New Hampshire 22,000 23,000 23,000 26,000 23,000 24,000 22,000 −2,000 −1,000
Rhode Island 22,000 21,000 20,000 23,000 14,000 17,000 22,000 5,000 0
Vermont 12,000 10,000 11,000 11,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 −2,000 −2,000
Middle Atlantic 768,000 773,000 794,000 734,000 764,000 824,000 758,000 −67,000 −11,000
New Jersey 217,000 200,000 181,000 169,000 174,000 185,000 203,000 18,000 −14,000
New York 398,000 425,000 434,000 375,000 387,000 473,000 411,000 −62,000 13,000
Pennsylvania 153,000 148,000 179,000 190,000 203,000 166,000 144,000 −22,000 −9,000
Midwest 858,000 925,000 869,000 838,000 801,000 799,000 796,000 −4,000 −62,000
East North Central 574,000 607,000 616,000 586,000 554,000 560,000 525,000 −35,000 −49,000
Illinois 181,000 202,000 198,000 217,000 178,000 215,000 189,000 −26,000 8,000
Indiana 63,000 69,000 71,000 46,000 49,000 60,000 46,000 −14,000 −17,000
Michigan 105,000 97,000 126,000 108,000 93,000 87,000 84,000 −3,000 −20,000
Ohio 160,000 180,000 161,000 175,000 185,000 165,000 168,000 3,000 9,000
Wisconsin 66,000 60,000 59,000 39,000 48,000 33,000 38,000 5,000 −28,000
West North Central 283,000 317,000 253,000 253,000 248,000 240,000 271,000 31,000 −13,000
Iowa 34,000 45,000 33,000 30,000 26,000 38,000 32,000 −6,000 −1,000
Kansas 37,000 31,000 29,000 41,000 35,000 30,000 31,000 0 −6,000
Minnesota 104,000 146,000 109,000 98,000 102,000 104,000 117,000 13,000 13,000
Missouri 67,000 59,000 52,000 53,000 53,000 41,000 60,000 19,000 −7,000
Nebraska 26,000 24,000 18,000 15,000 21,000 19,000 21,000 2,000 −4,000
North Dakota 9,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 7,000 5,000 9,000 3,000 0
South Dakota 7,000 4,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 2,000 1,000 −1,000 −6,000
South 814,000 842,000 790,000 789,000 806,000 745,000 769,000 24,000 −45,000
South Atlantic 465,000 478,000 475,000 414,000 423,000 397,000 398,000 1,000 −67,000
Delaware 11,000 12,000 11,000 15,000 12,000 16,000 13,000 −2,000 2,000
District Of Columbia 5,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 5,000 1,000 0
Florida 180,000 177,000 150,000 130,000 156,000 114,000 110,000 −4,000 −70,000
Georgia 38,000 65,000 75,000 68,000 59,000 52,000 74,000 22,000 36,000
Maryland 122,000 102,000 101,000 106,000 105,000 107,000 102,000 −5,000 −20,000
North Carolina 36,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 20,000 14,000 18,000 4,000 −18,000
South Carolina 12,000 12,000 7,000 6,000 10,000 20,000 15,000 −5,000 3,000
Virginia 41,000 61,000 77,000 39,000 40,000 54,000 43,000 −11,000 3,000
West Virginia 19,000 19,000 23,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 18,000 0 −2,000
East South Central 128,000 116,000 119,000 144,000 142,000 110,000 106,000 −4,000 −22,000
Alabama 51,000 38,000 37,000 47,000 43,000 45,000 36,000 −9,000 −15,000
Kentucky 31,000 27,000 31,000 37,000 49,000 27,000 29,000 2,000 −2,000
Mississippi 19,000 19,000 13,000 14,000 17,000 14,000 13,000 −1,000 −6,000
Tennessee 28,000 31,000 37,000 46,000 33,000 24,000 28,000 4,000 0
West South Central 222,000 248,000 196,000 231,000 241,000 237,000 265,000 28,000 44,000
Arkansas 11,000 12,000 7,000 11,000 10,000 12,000 7,000 −5,000 −4,000
Louisiana 28,000 27,000 24,000 21,000 23,000 24,000 27,000 3,000 −1,000
Oklahoma 43,000 32,000 23,000 34,000 46,000 38,000 39,000 1,000 −4,000
Texas 139,000 177,000 142,000 165,000 163,000 163,000 191,000 29,000 52,000
West 1,102,000 1,036,000 1,091,000 1,121,000 1,014,000 1,009,000 1,000,000 −10,000 −102,000
Mountain 210,000 204,000 209,000 171,000 187,000 180,000 177,000 −2,000 −33,000
Arizona 32,000 53,000 48,000 19,000 22,000 22,000 26,000 3,000 −6,000
Colorado 83,000 50,000 58,000 43,000 65,000 57,000 50,000 −7,000 −34,000
Idaho 13,000 13,000 12,000 14,000 11,000 14,000 12,000 −2,000 −1,000
Montana 15,000 15,000 14,000 17,000 14,000 16,000 16,000 0 1,000
Nevada 25,000 31,000 34,000 27,000 28,000 28,000 34,000 6,000 9,000
New Mexico 18,000 18,000 16,000 19,000 15,000 15,000 17,000 1,000 −1,000
Utah 18,000 18,000 23,000 27,000 25,000 23,000 18,000 −5,000 0
Wyoming 6,000 6,000 4,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 5,000 1,000 −1,000
Pacific 891,000 832,000 881,000 950,000 827,000 829,000 822,000 −7,000 −69,000
Alaska 10,000 11,000 16,000 14,000 10,000 11,000 11,000 0 1,000
California 603,000 543,000 569,000 661,000 567,000 580,000 562,000 −17,000 −41,000
Hawaii 30,000 27,000 23,000 27,000 25,000 30,000 26,000 −4,000 −4,000
Oregon 80,000 76,000 97,000 79,000 63,000 71,000 76,000 5,000 −5,000
Washington 167,000 174,000 176,000 169,000 162,000 138,000 148,000 9,000 −20,000
Membership
Northeast 1,002,000 996,000 983,000 964,000 1,003,000 1,075,000 1,022,000 −54,000 19,000
New England 278,000 248,000 236,000 272,000 266,000 287,000 296,000 10,000 19,000
Connecticut 81,000 82,000 67,000 70,000 75,000 69,000 62,000 −7,000 −19,000
Maine 19,000 22,000 19,000 19,000 12,000 16,000 17,000 1,000 −2,000
Massachusetts 127,000 94,000 100,000 127,000 132,000 154,000 167,000 14,000 40,000
New Hampshire 19,000 20,000 22,000 23,000 21,000 20,000 19,000 −1,000 0
Rhode Island 21,000 21,000 19,000 22,000 13,000 17,000 22,000 4,000 1,000
Vermont 12,000 10,000 9,000 11,000 12,000 11,000 9,000 −2,000 −2,000
Middle Atlantic 725,000 748,000 746,000 692,000 737,000 789,000 726,000 −63,000 1,000
New Jersey 200,000 193,000 163,000 162,000 168,000 178,000 188,000 10,000 −12,000
New York 380,000 411,000 410,000 356,000 371,000 451,000 402,000 −49,000 23,000
Pennsylvania 145,000 144,000 173,000 175,000 197,000 159,000 135,000 −24,000 −10,000
Midwest 773,000 829,000 753,000 746,000 709,000 700,000 695,000 −5,000 −78,000
East North Central 527,000 560,000 544,000 544,000 499,000 493,000 471,000 −22,000 −57,000
Illinois 177,000 193,000 183,000 211,000 161,000 200,000 182,000 −18,000 5,000
Indiana 47,000 56,000 55,000 35,000 38,000 41,000 38,000 −3,000 −9,000
Michigan 96,000 89,000 111,000 100,000 84,000 77,000 73,000 −4,000 −23,000
Ohio 153,000 174,000 149,000 166,000 179,000 147,000 150,000 2,000 −3,000
Wisconsin 54,000 49,000 47,000 33,000 37,000 27,000 27,000 0 −27,000
West North Central 245,000 269,000 209,000 202,000 210,000 207,000 224,000 17,000 −21,000
Iowa 23,000 26,000 22,000 15,000 19,000 26,000 23,000 −3,000 0
Kansas 31,000 22,000 18,000 25,000 24,000 22,000 16,000 −6,000 −15,000
Minnesota 100,000 137,000 103,000 95,000 98,000 100,000 110,000 10,000 10,000
Missouri 57,000 54,000 41,000 42,000 43,000 36,000 48,000 12,000 −10,000
Nebraska 20,000 22,000 16,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 19,000 1,000 −2,000
North Dakota 8,000 6,000 6,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 7,000 3,000 −1,000
South Dakota 5,000 3,000 2,000 4,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 0 −4,000
South 676,000 702,000 637,000 634,000 641,000 627,000 658,000 31,000 −18,000
South Atlantic 394,000 411,000 390,000 334,000 328,000 350,000 350,000 0 −44,000
Delaware 11,000 11,000 10,000 13,000 10,000 14,000 12,000 −2,000 1,000
District Of Columbia 5,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 4,000 4,000 5,000 1,000 0
Florida 152,000 151,000 125,000 106,000 107,000 100,000 92,000 −7,000 −60,000
Georgia 33,000 48,000 65,000 51,000 50,000 49,000 63,000 14,000 30,000
Maryland 106,000 101,000 92,000 93,000 90,000 94,000 102,000 7,000 −5,000
North Carolina 25,000 22,000 18,000 19,000 17,000 11,000 15,000 4,000 −10,000
South Carolina 10,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 12,000 9,000 −3,000 −1,000
Virginia 34,000 50,000 50,000 29,000 29,000 50,000 36,000 −14,000 1,000
West Virginia 17,000 18,000 20,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 1,000 −1,000
East South Central 104,000 102,000 95,000 119,000 118,000 85,000 88,000 3,000 −16,000
Alabama 41,000 36,000 32,000 43,000 40,000 39,000 33,000 −6,000 −8,000
Kentucky 23,000 21,000 21,000 21,000 40,000 17,000 24,000 7,000 2,000
Mississippi 17,000 17,000 9,000 11,000 11,000 9,000 8,000 −1,000 −9,000
Tennessee 23,000 28,000 33,000 44,000 27,000 19,000 23,000 4,000 0
West South Central 178,000 188,000 151,000 181,000 195,000 192,000 219,000 28,000 42,000
Arkansas 8,000 10,000 4,000 9,000 7,000 10,000 5,000 −5,000 −3,000
Louisiana 24,000 24,000 22,000 13,000 17,000 17,000 23,000 5,000 −2,000
Oklahoma 34,000 22,000 19,000 24,000 38,000 32,000 33,000 2,000 −1,000
Texas 111,000 132,000 106,000 135,000 133,000 132,000 158,000 26,000 47,000
West 1,013,000 939,000 1,016,000 1,038,000 934,000 932,000 914,000 −18,000 −99,000
Mountain 170,000 154,000 169,000 136,000 152,000 157,000 150,000 −6,000 −20,000
Arizona 23,000 27,000 34,000 16,000 17,000 17,000 24,000 8,000 1,000
Colorado 73,000 45,000 54,000 36,000 56,000 56,000 46,000 −10,000 −26,000
Idaho 11,000 11,000 8,000 9,000 9,000 12,000 9,000 −4,000 −2,000
Montana 13,000 14,000 12,000 16,000 12,000 15,000 15,000 0 2,000
Nevada 22,000 23,000 28,000 20,000 20,000 25,000 28,000 3,000 6,000
New Mexico 14,000 14,000 15,000 17,000 14,000 12,000 11,000 0 −2,000
Utah 11,000 14,000 15,000 18,000 20,000 17,000 13,000 −4,000 2,000
Wyoming 5,000 5,000 3,000 4,000 4,000 3,000 4,000 1,000 −1,000
Pacific 843,000 785,000 847,000 903,000 782,000 775,000 764,000 −11,000 −79,000
Alaska 10,000 9,000 15,000 12,000 10,000 10,000 9,000 −1,000 −1,000
California 566,000 515,000 548,000 628,000 537,000 547,000 520,000 −27,000 −45,000
Hawaii 29,000 26,000 23,000 25,000 25,000 29,000 25,000 −3,000 −4,000
Oregon 74,000 71,000 89,000 73,000 63,000 59,000 67,000 7,000 −7,000
Washington 164,000 164,000 172,000 164,000 148,000 130,000 142,000 13,000 −22,000
Total employment
Northeast 1,464,000 1,379,000 1,412,000 1,408,000 1,489,000 1,553,000 1,561,000 8,000 96,000
New England 441,000 371,000 373,000 426,000 416,000 450,000 458,000 8,000 18,000
Connecticut 114,000 100,000 90,000 106,000 101,000 117,000 98,000 −19,000 −16,000
Maine 36,000 42,000 40,000 38,000 34,000 29,000 33,000 4,000 −3,000
Massachusetts 201,000 150,000 158,000 189,000 201,000 215,000 236,000 21,000 35,000
New Hampshire 38,000 37,000 37,000 41,000 37,000 46,000 42,000 −3,000 4,000
Rhode Island 32,000 26,000 29,000 32,000 22,000 24,000 32,000 9,000 1,000
Vermont 20,000 17,000 19,000 21,000 22,000 20,000 17,000 −3,000 −3,000
Middle Atlantic 1,023,000 1,008,000 1,038,000 981,000 1,073,000 1,102,000 1,102,000 0 79,000
New Jersey 304,000 270,000 247,000 237,000 257,000 255,000 302,000 47,000 −2,000
New York 505,000 535,000 539,000 481,000 518,000 589,000 567,000 −21,000 63,000
Pennsylvania 215,000 203,000 253,000 264,000 298,000 258,000 233,000 −26,000 18,000
Midwest 1,933,000 1,830,000 1,811,000 1,810,000 1,759,000 1,820,000 1,791,000 −29,000 −142,000
East North Central 1,235,000 1,167,000 1,177,000 1,170,000 1,147,000 1,211,000 1,104,000 −108,000 −131,000
Illinois 329,000 292,000 333,000 351,000 306,000 357,000 344,000 −13,000 15,000
Indiana 188,000 182,000 175,000 144,000 172,000 182,000 127,000 −56,000 −62,000
Michigan 214,000 201,000 210,000 187,000 194,000 215,000 182,000 −32,000 −32,000
Ohio 312,000 305,000 279,000 325,000 315,000 304,000 290,000 −14,000 −22,000
Wisconsin 192,000 187,000 179,000 164,000 160,000 154,000 161,000 7,000 −31,000
West North Central 698,000 663,000 634,000 640,000 613,000 609,000 687,000 78,000 −11,000
Iowa 127,000 122,000 111,000 102,000 96,000 104,000 94,000 −10,000 −33,000
Kansas 124,000 107,000 107,000 120,000 113,000 101,000 101,000 −1,000 −23,000
Minnesota 182,000 199,000 179,000 184,000 171,000 148,000 188,000 40,000 7,000
Missouri 144,000 123,000 133,000 131,000 132,000 152,000 175,000 23,000 31,000
Nebraska 66,000 63,000 57,000 58,000 55,000 58,000 75,000 16,000 9,000
North Dakota 30,000 29,000 27,000 27,000 27,000 25,000 34,000 9,000 4,000
South Dakota 25,000 20,000 20,000 19,000 19,000 21,000 20,000 −1,000 −5,000
South 3,372,000 3,201,000 3,238,000 3,325,000 3,288,000 3,297,000 3,317,000 20,000 −55,000
South Atlantic 1,753,000 1,581,000 1,624,000 1,685,000 1,682,000 1,603,000 1,563,000 −40,000 −190,000
Delaware 26,000 24,000 23,000 28,000 28,000 29,000 34,000 5,000 7,000
District Of Columbia 11,000 10,000 9,000 7,000 9,000 9,000 10,000 1,000 −1,000
Florida 459,000 413,000 403,000 411,000 410,000 353,000 371,000 18,000 −87,000
Georgia 292,000 279,000 311,000 296,000 298,000 289,000 288,000 −1,000 −4,000
Maryland 204,000 178,000 172,000 205,000 200,000 196,000 182,000 −14,000 −22,000
North Carolina 316,000 245,000 240,000 267,000 259,000 240,000 217,000 −23,000 −99,000
South Carolina 133,000 128,000 160,000 148,000 150,000 151,000 141,000 −11,000 7,000
Virginia 268,000 260,000 254,000 279,000 287,000 288,000 272,000 −16,000 4,000
West Virginia 45,000 43,000 51,000 45,000 41,000 47,000 48,000 2,000 4,000
East South Central 510,000 482,000 492,000 468,000 493,000 459,000 483,000 24,000 −27,000
Alabama 139,000 124,000 124,000 128,000 134,000 127,000 115,000 −12,000 −24,000
Kentucky 123,000 136,000 122,000 109,000 123,000 90,000 113,000 22,000 −10,000
Mississippi 80,000 72,000 82,000 79,000 79,000 80,000 85,000 5,000 5,000
Tennessee 168,000 149,000 165,000 152,000 157,000 161,000 170,000 9,000 2,000
West South Central 1,109,000 1,138,000 1,122,000 1,172,000 1,114,000 1,235,000 1,270,000 35,000 161,000
Arkansas 79,000 85,000 73,000 94,000 87,000 78,000 80,000 2,000 1,000
Louisiana 128,000 129,000 127,000 126,000 123,000 131,000 131,000 0 3,000
Oklahoma 111,000 107,000 81,000 118,000 136,000 145,000 129,000 −16,000 18,000
Texas 790,000 818,000 841,000 833,000 768,000 881,000 930,000 49,000 140,000
West 2,127,000 1,989,000 2,014,000 2,066,000 2,046,000 2,099,000 2,165,000 65,000 38,000
Mountain 724,000 706,000 710,000 664,000 717,000 734,000 760,000 26,000 36,000
Arizona 157,000 168,000 175,000 148,000 155,000 186,000 217,000 31,000 60,000
Colorado 222,000 198,000 204,000 181,000 204,000 193,000 184,000 −9,000 −38,000
Idaho 50,000 52,000 51,000 62,000 66,000 59,000 55,000 −4,000 5,000
Montana 29,000 30,000 28,000 32,000 29,000 28,000 30,000 1,000 0
Nevada 73,000 64,000 61,000 58,000 58,000 55,000 71,000 15,000 −2,000
New Mexico 61,000 64,000 67,000 59,000 62,000 65,000 65,000 1,000 5,000
Utah 102,000 99,000 99,000 97,000 118,000 122,000 113,000 −9,000 11,000
Wyoming 29,000 30,000 25,000 26,000 27,000 25,000 25,000 0 −4,000
Pacific 1,403,000 1,284,000 1,304,000 1,402,000 1,329,000 1,365,000 1,405,000 40,000 2,000
Alaska 22,000 20,000 28,000 27,000 24,000 20,000 19,000 −1,000 −2,000
California 977,000 876,000 864,000 975,000 901,000 971,000 997,000 26,000 20,000
Hawaii 44,000 37,000 37,000 38,000 36,000 39,000 34,000 −5,000 −10,000
Oregon 115,000 113,000 128,000 115,000 116,000 120,000 110,000 −9,000 −5,000
Washington 245,000 238,000 247,000 248,000 253,000 216,000 244,000 28,000 −1,000
Sample size
Northeast 1,637 1,394 1,344 1,295 1,267 1,315 1,156

New England 817 656 638 665 618 658 581

Connecticut 124 100 84 93 85 108 82

Maine 73 86 76 68 58 48 51

Massachusetts 219 153 156 183 194 205 192

New Hampshire 143 129 115 115 101 120 92

Rhode Island 104 72 79 76 53 57 75

Vermont 154 116 128 130 127 120 89

Middle Atlantic 820 738 706 630 649 657 575

New Jersey 256 210 174 154 161 156 159

New York 395 378 352 298 305 338 287

Pennsylvania 169 150 180 178 183 163 129

Midwest 2,174 1,929 1,810 1,650 1,552 1,595 1,393

East North Central 1,025 897 886 795 767 797 619

Illinois 266 221 243 226 201 230 187

Indiana 170 149 148 112 129 130 80

Michigan 176 158 159 130 136 140 98

Ohio 250 226 201 202 183 188 156

Wisconsin 163 143 135 125 118 109 98

West North Central 1,149 1,032 924 855 785 798 774

Iowa 170 157 131 111 104 115 92

Kansas 201 167 159 154 140 134 111

Minnesota 156 160 134 135 123 106 107

Missouri 120 96 103 99 96 105 101

Nebraska 163 146 124 113 105 116 133

North Dakota 221 213 187 169 142 140 163

South Dakota 118 93 86 74 75 82 67

South 3,647 3,143 3,137 3,009 2,843 2,803 2,479

South Atlantic 1,750 1,450 1,489 1,433 1,349 1,290 1,128

Delaware 106 90 81 96 93 92 94

District Of Columbia 82 71 64 48 50 52 51

Florida 353 297 288 278 263 215 192

Georgia 240 202 223 188 183 171 165

Maryland 149 122 118 131 111 111 86

North Carolina 251 178 186 195 179 159 127

South Carolina 157 138 163 147 148 144 114

Virginia 216 191 183 190 181 177 144

West Virginia 196 161 183 160 141 169 155

East South Central 705 612 617 547 534 495 448

Alabama 214 180 181 173 171 154 119

Kentucky 121 125 112 90 89 64 74

Mississippi 186 164 173 154 149 141 134

Tennessee 184 143 151 130 125 136 121

West South Central 1,192 1,081 1,031 1,029 960 1,018 903

Arkansas 183 174 148 174 157 142 122

Louisiana 253 222 216 205 187 187 163

Oklahoma 163 141 108 135 162 165 129

Texas 593 544 559 515 454 524 489

West 2,902 2,587 2,521 2,410 2,295 2,290 2,012

Mountain 1,421 1,335 1,242 1,155 1,136 1,129 1,003

Arizona 126 127 127 100 102 119 114

Colorado 173 150 149 128 132 122 106

Idaho 177 166 162 181 183 163 135

Montana 180 171 146 151 131 137 121

Nevada 115 95 89 79 73 73 82

New Mexico 194 183 184 156 146 144 137

Utah 201 178 177 159 178 186 155

Wyoming 255 265 208 201 191 185 153

Pacific 1,481 1,252 1,279 1,255 1,159 1,161 1,009

Alaska 136 121 146 133 124 96 87

California 802 651 637 678 599 645 554

Hawaii 166 128 128 123 120 132 104

Oregon 154 146 163 138 129 129 113

Washington 223 206 205 183 187 159 151

* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2026. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 2026.1.14, https://microdata.epi.org.