Table 5b: Union membership and union coverage within the public sector, 12-months ending November, 2018 to 2023
By state
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Change
2023-2022 2023-2019
Coverage (%)
Alabama 23.4% 22.9% 18.9% 25.9% 23.8% −2.1 0.4
Alaska 42.9% 44.9% 40.3% 40.3% 35.7% −4.7 −7.3
Arizona 25.4% 28.3% 25.1% 20.1% 17.9% −2.2 −7.5
Arkansas 11.2% 13.0% 7.6% 9.9% 11.8% 1.9 0.6
California 55.1% 56.2% 57.7% 57.5% 55.3% −2.3 0.1
Colorado 27.5% 22.5% 21.6% 18.8% 26.3% 7.4 −1.3
Connecticut 64.9% 75.1% 71.1% 62.8% 66.9% 4.1 2.0
Delaware 37.6% 38.6% 32.3% 37.1% 36.8% −0.3 −0.8
District Of Columbia 21.9% 21.3% 21.6% 21.9% 22.8% 0.9 0.9
Florida 32.1% 30.0% 25.4% 27.2% 26.2% −1.0 −5.9
Georgia 13.1% 18.1% 16.9% 18.0% 18.3% 0.3 5.2
Hawaii 56.8% 58.4% 50.9% 55.6% 56.3% 0.7 −0.5
Idaho 19.5% 21.9% 18.8% 17.8% 16.1% −1.7 −3.4
Illinois 47.6% 58.7% 52.1% 53.3% 48.0% −5.3 0.5
Indiana 25.5% 31.1% 36.2% 24.6% 24.1% −0.6 −1.4
Iowa 25.2% 32.6% 29.4% 25.3% 28.0% 2.6 2.8
Kansas 25.7% 25.2% 27.6% 28.0% 27.0% −1.0 1.3
Kentucky 18.5% 15.2% 18.4% 24.0% 25.8% 1.8 7.3
Louisiana 17.0% 17.0% 16.6% 16.1% 14.1% −2.0 −3.0
Maine 56.1% 53.3% 54.2% 50.2% 40.1% −10.0 −16.0
Maryland 37.1% 35.1% 32.3% 33.0% 32.2% −0.9 −4.9
Massachusetts 55.0% 53.4% 56.6% 58.1% 56.8% −1.3 1.8
Michigan 47.5% 47.2% 52.5% 51.2% 42.2% −9.0 −5.3
Minnesota 57.8% 63.8% 56.9% 51.5% 52.8% 1.3 −5.0
Mississippi 17.7% 19.0% 16.3% 15.5% 18.1% 2.6 0.4
Missouri 33.0% 29.1% 27.6% 26.4% 26.4% 0.1 −6.6
Montana 39.8% 40.3% 38.7% 38.0% 37.9% −0.1 −1.9
Nebraska 34.9% 38.7% 26.3% 24.9% 33.0% 8.1 −1.9
Nevada 39.1% 42.1% 47.9% 41.6% 40.7% −0.9 1.6
New Hampshire 52.1% 51.2% 50.7% 50.8% 50.7% −0.2 −1.5
New Jersey 63.7% 62.0% 64.1% 60.9% 60.8% −0.1 −2.9
New Mexico 22.9% 19.5% 20.5% 28.3% 23.5% −4.7 0.6
New York 69.0% 70.2% 70.5% 69.2% 65.6% −3.6 −3.3
North Carolina 12.7% 12.3% 11.7% 11.5% 8.9% −2.6 −3.8
North Dakota 21.8% 21.5% 22.1% 23.5% 20.1% −3.4 −1.7
Ohio 47.0% 47.7% 48.8% 49.5% 46.4% −3.1 −0.7
Oklahoma 24.5% 22.3% 22.2% 21.6% 26.9% 5.3 2.4
Oregon 56.8% 56.8% 61.3% 60.8% 52.1% −8.7 −4.7
Pennsylvania 54.9% 58.2% 56.2% 53.9% 57.9% 4.1 3.0
Rhode Island 66.0% 70.4% 67.9% 65.7% 50.1% −15.6 −16.0
South Carolina 8.5% 10.1% 6.2% 4.9% 7.0% 2.1 −1.6
South Dakota 26.7% 17.4% 14.4% 20.4% 18.5% −1.9 −8.2
Tennessee 17.5% 14.4% 19.3% 24.7% 20.7% −3.9 3.2
Texas 16.7% 20.6% 17.0% 19.3% 19.8% 0.5 3.1
Utah 17.2% 16.5% 19.2% 22.9% 22.9% 0.0 5.6
Vermont 46.3% 47.1% 45.8% 45.3% 54.0% 8.7 7.7
Virginia 12.9% 14.4% 17.7% 11.5% 14.1% 2.7 1.2
Washington 54.8% 54.2% 55.4% 52.8% 55.3% 2.5 0.6
West Virginia 24.3% 24.7% 24.8% 23.1% 21.9% −1.2 −2.3
Wisconsin 28.8% 26.6% 24.7% 23.7% 23.6% −0.2 −5.2
Wyoming 17.0% 17.7% 12.4% 17.6% 17.9% 0.3 0.9
Membership (%)
Alabama 19.2% 21.4% 16.4% 22.4% 21.2% −1.2 2.0
Alaska 39.4% 41.1% 37.4% 36.9% 34.5% −2.4 −4.9
Arizona 20.4% 19.0% 20.5% 17.3% 16.3% −1.1 −4.2
Arkansas 9.4% 10.5% 6.2% 7.4% 10.0% 2.5 0.6
California 52.0% 52.3% 54.1% 53.5% 51.3% −2.2 −0.7
Colorado 25.4% 18.5% 19.2% 16.1% 19.8% 3.7 −5.6
Connecticut 62.0% 73.1% 69.6% 60.0% 65.3% 5.3 3.3
Delaware 34.7% 37.5% 30.6% 34.9% 31.1% −3.7 −3.6
District Of Columbia 19.9% 18.9% 19.1% 18.7% 19.9% 1.1 0.0
Florida 27.1% 25.0% 21.7% 22.4% 20.7% −1.7 −6.4
Georgia 10.7% 13.9% 13.7% 13.8% 15.0% 1.2 4.3
Hawaii 53.2% 54.3% 47.6% 52.7% 52.7% 0.0 −0.5
Idaho 16.8% 18.7% 14.6% 13.5% 13.1% −0.3 −3.7
Illinois 45.7% 56.0% 48.0% 50.5% 45.3% −5.2 −0.4
Indiana 19.3% 26.7% 29.7% 20.0% 20.2% 0.1 0.9
Iowa 17.9% 22.3% 20.6% 18.6% 22.1% 3.6 4.2
Kansas 21.7% 20.3% 21.1% 20.4% 19.6% −0.8 −2.1
Kentucky 15.1% 12.0% 12.9% 16.8% 20.8% 4.0 5.7
Louisiana 15.0% 15.2% 13.8% 12.5% 11.8% −0.7 −3.2
Maine 47.9% 45.2% 46.8% 42.5% 36.1% −6.4 −11.8
Maryland 33.0% 32.8% 29.6% 29.0% 26.7% −2.3 −6.4
Massachusetts 53.1% 51.8% 53.1% 55.6% 54.8% −0.8 1.7
Michigan 44.2% 43.6% 45.3% 47.2% 38.5% −8.7 −5.8
Minnesota 55.3% 60.6% 54.0% 48.5% 50.0% 1.5 −5.3
Mississippi 15.5% 17.2% 12.5% 12.4% 13.6% 1.3 −1.8
Missouri 29.0% 26.8% 22.9% 22.9% 23.8% 0.9 −5.2
Montana 34.5% 38.1% 33.5% 34.0% 32.9% −1.2 −1.6
Nebraska 28.9% 34.7% 23.0% 19.0% 25.4% 6.4 −3.5
Nevada 31.5% 35.0% 39.6% 37.5% 32.8% −4.6 1.3
New Hampshire 45.3% 43.9% 46.2% 46.2% 46.4% 0.3 1.1
New Jersey 59.4% 58.2% 59.5% 57.6% 58.0% 0.4 −1.4
New Mexico 17.5% 15.8% 16.5% 23.3% 19.5% −3.8 2.0
New York 66.1% 67.5% 67.1% 65.8% 63.5% −2.2 −2.5
North Carolina 8.6% 10.5% 9.4% 8.5% 7.6% −0.9 −1.0
North Dakota 17.8% 18.9% 16.8% 19.8% 17.6% −2.1 −0.1
Ohio 43.5% 44.6% 45.1% 45.6% 45.3% −0.3 1.8
Oklahoma 19.7% 16.3% 19.8% 16.9% 22.3% 5.4 2.6
Oregon 53.5% 52.7% 57.3% 56.0% 50.0% −6.0 −3.5
Pennsylvania 51.0% 54.7% 53.6% 50.0% 53.7% 3.7 2.7
Rhode Island 62.2% 67.5% 64.2% 62.3% 48.0% −14.2 −14.2
South Carolina 6.9% 7.3% 5.7% 3.8% 5.7% 1.9 −1.2
South Dakota 21.1% 12.4% 11.5% 17.1% 16.7% −0.4 −4.3
Tennessee 15.2% 12.4% 17.7% 22.1% 18.9% −3.2 3.7
Texas 13.4% 17.1% 13.8% 16.0% 16.8% 0.9 3.4
Utah 11.6% 12.6% 13.8% 17.0% 15.7% −1.2 4.1
Vermont 43.0% 42.4% 39.8% 41.4% 47.7% 6.3 4.6
Virginia 9.5% 12.3% 12.4% 9.4% 11.2% 1.8 1.6
Washington 52.1% 50.0% 53.0% 49.8% 51.5% 1.7 −0.6
West Virginia 21.8% 23.1% 22.7% 20.7% 18.8% −1.9 −3.0
Wisconsin 24.3% 22.5% 20.9% 19.5% 19.7% 0.2 −4.6
Wyoming 13.1% 14.3% 9.7% 12.6% 14.1% 1.5 1.0
Coverage
Alabama 75,000 73,000 59,000 83,000 81,000 −2,000 6,000
Alaska 35,000 32,000 31,000 35,000 30,000 −5,000 −5,000
Arizona 108,000 117,000 105,000 80,000 71,000 −10,000 −37,000
Arkansas 21,000 25,000 13,000 19,000 25,000 6,000 4,000
California 1,303,000 1,342,000 1,289,000 1,427,000 1,399,000 −28,000 96,000
Colorado 118,000 93,000 93,000 87,000 120,000 33,000 2,000
Connecticut 144,000 152,000 129,000 151,000 162,000 11,000 18,000
Delaware 23,000 26,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 2,000 3,000
District Of Columbia 21,000 21,000 21,000 20,000 21,000 1,000 1,000
Florida 381,000 330,000 272,000 303,000 297,000 −6,000 −84,000
Georgia 87,000 116,000 119,000 117,000 123,000 6,000 36,000
Hawaii 72,000 78,000 69,000 70,000 74,000 4,000 2,000
Idaho 21,000 25,000 20,000 23,000 22,000 −1,000 1,000
Illinois 345,000 381,000 379,000 388,000 328,000 −60,000 −17,000
Indiana 89,000 103,000 134,000 82,000 94,000 13,000 5,000
Iowa 62,000 74,000 62,000 53,000 60,000 7,000 −2,000
Kansas 62,000 53,000 63,000 72,000 65,000 −7,000 2,000
Kentucky 47,000 42,000 46,000 66,000 72,000 6,000 25,000
Louisiana 53,000 52,000 50,000 50,000 43,000 −7,000 −10,000
Maine 51,000 63,000 48,000 40,000 33,000 −7,000 −18,000
Maryland 250,000 236,000 210,000 235,000 239,000 4,000 −11,000
Massachusetts 227,000 191,000 219,000 229,000 223,000 −6,000 −4,000
Michigan 225,000 231,000 248,000 211,000 193,000 −18,000 −32,000
Minnesota 204,000 247,000 224,000 190,000 195,000 5,000 −8,000
Mississippi 37,000 34,000 30,000 31,000 36,000 5,000 −1,000
Missouri 131,000 105,000 102,000 101,000 99,000 −2,000 −32,000
Montana 31,000 33,000 32,000 35,000 33,000 −2,000 2,000
Nebraska 51,000 56,000 33,000 32,000 48,000 16,000 −2,000
Nevada 73,000 79,000 74,000 61,000 71,000 10,000 −2,000
New Hampshire 46,000 46,000 44,000 50,000 44,000 −6,000 −2,000
New Jersey 395,000 359,000 341,000 337,000 338,000 1,000 −58,000
New Mexico 48,000 40,000 40,000 54,000 48,000 −6,000 1,000
New York 901,000 893,000 923,000 890,000 889,000 −1,000 −12,000
North Carolina 88,000 74,000 66,000 80,000 58,000 −22,000 −29,000
North Dakota 13,000 13,000 13,000 14,000 12,000 −2,000 −1,000
Ohio 349,000 362,000 343,000 352,000 351,000 −2,000 2,000
Oklahoma 70,000 62,000 60,000 70,000 93,000 24,000 24,000
Oregon 153,000 164,000 192,000 169,000 145,000 −24,000 −8,000
Pennsylvania 332,000 357,000 380,000 378,000 371,000 −7,000 39,000
Rhode Island 47,000 44,000 41,000 42,000 30,000 −13,000 −18,000
South Carolina 28,000 33,000 21,000 16,000 25,000 9,000 −3,000
South Dakota 17,000 10,000 9,000 10,000 10,000 1,000 −7,000
Tennessee 73,000 57,000 76,000 102,000 89,000 −13,000 16,000
Texas 276,000 353,000 281,000 334,000 346,000 13,000 70,000
Utah 39,000 39,000 43,000 52,000 58,000 6,000 19,000
Vermont 21,000 22,000 22,000 22,000 25,000 3,000 4,000
Virginia 101,000 121,000 151,000 98,000 132,000 34,000 30,000
Washington 312,000 301,000 353,000 343,000 310,000 −33,000 −1,000
West Virginia 30,000 31,000 35,000 31,000 28,000 −4,000 −2,000
Wisconsin 110,000 101,000 98,000 87,000 82,000 −5,000 −28,000
Wyoming 10,000 12,000 8,000 11,000 11,000 0 1,000
Membership
Alabama 62,000 68,000 51,000 72,000 72,000 0 10,000
Alaska 32,000 29,000 29,000 32,000 29,000 −3,000 −3,000
Arizona 87,000 79,000 86,000 70,000 64,000 −5,000 −22,000
Arkansas 18,000 20,000 11,000 15,000 21,000 7,000 3,000
California 1,228,000 1,249,000 1,208,000 1,326,000 1,298,000 −28,000 70,000
Colorado 108,000 76,000 83,000 74,000 90,000 16,000 −18,000
Connecticut 137,000 148,000 126,000 144,000 158,000 14,000 21,000
Delaware 22,000 25,000 21,000 23,000 22,000 −1,000 1,000
District Of Columbia 19,000 19,000 19,000 17,000 18,000 1,000 0
Florida 322,000 275,000 232,000 250,000 235,000 −16,000 −88,000
Georgia 71,000 89,000 96,000 90,000 101,000 11,000 30,000
Hawaii 67,000 72,000 64,000 66,000 69,000 3,000 2,000
Idaho 18,000 22,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 1,000 0
Illinois 332,000 364,000 349,000 367,000 309,000 −58,000 −22,000
Indiana 67,000 88,000 110,000 66,000 79,000 13,000 12,000
Iowa 44,000 50,000 44,000 39,000 47,000 9,000 3,000
Kansas 53,000 43,000 48,000 53,000 47,000 −6,000 −6,000
Kentucky 38,000 33,000 32,000 46,000 58,000 12,000 20,000
Louisiana 47,000 46,000 42,000 39,000 36,000 −3,000 −10,000
Maine 44,000 53,000 42,000 34,000 30,000 −4,000 −14,000
Maryland 223,000 220,000 192,000 206,000 198,000 −8,000 −25,000
Massachusetts 219,000 185,000 205,000 219,000 215,000 −4,000 −4,000
Michigan 210,000 213,000 214,000 195,000 176,000 −18,000 −34,000
Minnesota 195,000 234,000 213,000 179,000 185,000 6,000 −10,000
Mississippi 32,000 31,000 23,000 25,000 27,000 2,000 −5,000
Missouri 115,000 97,000 85,000 88,000 89,000 1,000 −26,000
Montana 27,000 31,000 27,000 31,000 29,000 −2,000 2,000
Nebraska 42,000 51,000 29,000 25,000 37,000 12,000 −5,000
Nevada 59,000 66,000 61,000 55,000 57,000 2,000 −2,000
New Hampshire 40,000 39,000 40,000 45,000 40,000 −5,000 0
New Jersey 368,000 337,000 316,000 318,000 322,000 4,000 −46,000
New Mexico 36,000 32,000 32,000 45,000 40,000 −5,000 4,000
New York 863,000 858,000 878,000 846,000 861,000 15,000 −2,000
North Carolina 59,000 63,000 53,000 59,000 49,000 −10,000 −10,000
North Dakota 11,000 12,000 10,000 12,000 10,000 −2,000 0
Ohio 323,000 339,000 317,000 324,000 342,000 18,000 19,000
Oklahoma 56,000 45,000 53,000 54,000 78,000 23,000 21,000
Oregon 144,000 152,000 180,000 156,000 139,000 −16,000 −5,000
Pennsylvania 308,000 336,000 363,000 351,000 344,000 −7,000 36,000
Rhode Island 45,000 42,000 39,000 40,000 28,000 −12,000 −16,000
South Carolina 23,000 24,000 19,000 13,000 21,000 8,000 −2,000
South Dakota 13,000 7,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 1,000 −4,000
Tennessee 64,000 49,000 69,000 91,000 81,000 −10,000 18,000
Texas 221,000 293,000 228,000 276,000 295,000 19,000 73,000
Utah 26,000 30,000 31,000 39,000 40,000 2,000 14,000
Vermont 20,000 20,000 19,000 20,000 22,000 2,000 2,000
Virginia 75,000 104,000 105,000 80,000 104,000 24,000 29,000
Washington 297,000 277,000 338,000 323,000 289,000 −35,000 −8,000
West Virginia 27,000 29,000 32,000 28,000 24,000 −4,000 −3,000
Wisconsin 93,000 85,000 83,000 72,000 69,000 −3,000 −24,000
Wyoming 8,000 9,000 6,000 8,000 9,000 1,000 1,000
Total employment
Alabama 321,000 319,000 314,000 322,000 340,000 18,000 19,000
Alaska 81,000 71,000 77,000 87,000 83,000 −4,000 2,000
Arizona 425,000 415,000 419,000 401,000 396,000 −5,000 −29,000
Arkansas 190,000 189,000 175,000 196,000 213,000 17,000 22,000
California 2,363,000 2,387,000 2,234,000 2,479,000 2,532,000 53,000 169,000
Colorado 427,000 412,000 432,000 461,000 456,000 −5,000 29,000
Connecticut 221,000 202,000 181,000 240,000 242,000 2,000 20,000
Delaware 62,000 68,000 69,000 65,000 72,000 6,000 9,000
District Of Columbia 94,000 99,000 97,000 91,000 93,000 2,000 −1,000
Florida 1,189,000 1,099,000 1,068,000 1,115,000 1,133,000 18,000 −56,000
Georgia 663,000 639,000 704,000 648,000 671,000 22,000 7,000
Hawaii 127,000 133,000 135,000 126,000 132,000 6,000 5,000
Idaho 107,000 116,000 107,000 126,000 135,000 9,000 29,000
Illinois 726,000 649,000 727,000 727,000 683,000 −45,000 −43,000
Indiana 350,000 331,000 370,000 331,000 393,000 61,000 43,000
Iowa 245,000 226,000 211,000 209,000 214,000 5,000 −31,000
Kansas 242,000 211,000 227,000 257,000 239,000 −18,000 −3,000
Kentucky 252,000 277,000 250,000 274,000 280,000 6,000 28,000
Louisiana 312,000 305,000 304,000 314,000 308,000 −6,000 −5,000
Maine 91,000 117,000 89,000 80,000 83,000 3,000 −8,000
Maryland 675,000 671,000 648,000 711,000 743,000 32,000 68,000
Massachusetts 412,000 357,000 386,000 394,000 393,000 −1,000 −20,000
Michigan 474,000 489,000 473,000 413,000 458,000 46,000 −16,000
Minnesota 352,000 386,000 393,000 369,000 370,000 1,000 18,000
Mississippi 206,000 177,000 186,000 201,000 199,000 −2,000 −8,000
Missouri 398,000 362,000 369,000 384,000 375,000 −8,000 −22,000
Montana 78,000 82,000 82,000 91,000 87,000 −4,000 10,000
Nebraska 145,000 146,000 126,000 130,000 147,000 17,000 1,000
Nevada 187,000 188,000 154,000 147,000 174,000 28,000 −12,000
New Hampshire 88,000 89,000 87,000 98,000 87,000 −11,000 −1,000
New Jersey 620,000 579,000 532,000 553,000 555,000 3,000 −65,000
New Mexico 207,000 205,000 193,000 191,000 204,000 13,000 −3,000
New York 1,307,000 1,272,000 1,309,000 1,286,000 1,355,000 69,000 48,000
North Carolina 689,000 599,000 561,000 696,000 654,000 −42,000 −35,000
North Dakota 59,000 62,000 61,000 61,000 60,000 −1,000 0
Ohio 742,000 760,000 703,000 711,000 756,000 45,000 14,000
Oklahoma 285,000 278,000 271,000 323,000 348,000 25,000 62,000
Oregon 270,000 288,000 314,000 278,000 278,000 1,000 8,000
Pennsylvania 604,000 613,000 677,000 702,000 641,000 −61,000 37,000
Rhode Island 72,000 62,000 61,000 65,000 59,000 −6,000 −13,000
South Carolina 328,000 325,000 341,000 336,000 361,000 25,000 32,000
South Dakota 63,000 59,000 60,000 47,000 55,000 8,000 −8,000
Tennessee 419,000 398,000 391,000 414,000 431,000 17,000 12,000
Texas 1,653,000 1,714,000 1,652,000 1,728,000 1,750,000 22,000 96,000
Utah 225,000 237,000 226,000 227,000 255,000 28,000 30,000
Vermont 46,000 47,000 47,000 49,000 46,000 −3,000 0
Virginia 784,000 844,000 851,000 853,000 931,000 78,000 147,000
Washington 569,000 555,000 637,000 650,000 561,000 −89,000 −8,000
West Virginia 123,000 127,000 139,000 135,000 126,000 −9,000 3,000
Wisconsin 383,000 378,000 397,000 367,000 348,000 −19,000 −35,000
Wyoming 61,000 65,000 61,000 63,000 64,000 1,000 3,000
Sample size
Alabama 496 462 464 438 425
Alaska 487 414 421 431 404
Arizona 346 316 297 264 253
Arkansas 441 385 344 366 383
California 1,932 1,773 1,634 1,714 1,671
Colorado 330 307 320 328 296
Connecticut 236 192 171 204 203
Delaware 245 235 244 227 228
District Of Columbia 721 717 682 659 561
Florida 902 775 757 731 709
Georgia 546 469 508 413 407
Hawaii 482 455 454 420 435
Idaho 372 377 346 372 374
Illinois 573 481 531 467 431
Indiana 321 276 306 259 275
Iowa 332 288 255 229 228
Kansas 397 325 333 333 301
Kentucky 247 261 237 222 203
Louisiana 589 513 517 507 455
Maine 197 243 169 138 141
Maryland 491 464 438 442 420
Massachusetts 444 360 387 378 377
Michigan 392 376 351 285 314
Minnesota 305 315 293 267 265
Mississippi 474 393 396 391 367
Missouri 330 291 292 284 270
Montana 481 471 439 433 400
Nebraska 362 335 282 258 276
Nevada 294 271 227 204 216
New Hampshire 329 309 269 271 230
New Jersey 514 442 369 339 339
New Mexico 631 564 532 490 471
New York 1,014 891 845 779 774
North Carolina 551 435 428 498 457
North Dakota 444 448 426 386 320
Ohio 578 548 494 448 442
Oklahoma 400 378 347 371 390
Oregon 365 379 400 334 318
Pennsylvania 451 425 471 472 393
Rhode Island 233 172 165 155 141
South Carolina 374 347 361 337 356
South Dakota 294 258 252 186 205
Tennessee 449 372 359 338 328
Texas 1,230 1,123 1,080 1,068 1,012
Utah 439 430 396 368 381
Vermont 347 338 334 309 264
Virginia 620 625 605 573 577
Washington 520 474 523 475 418
West Virginia 528 487 495 469 430
Wisconsin 327 298 297 275 253
Wyoming 556 566 494 491 452
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2020. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.46, https://microdata.epi.org.