Table 5a: Union membership and union coverage within the private sector, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2024
By state
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Change
2024-2023 2024-2019
Coverage (%)
Alabama 7.3% 5.9% 4.7% 5.2% 5.6% 5.1% −0.5 −2.2
Alaska 9.2% 10.6% 8.4% 9.6% 7.5% 9.8% 2.3 0.6
Arizona 4.3% 3.5% 3.7% 4.1% 2.8% 2.7% −0.1 −1.6
Arkansas 4.9% 4.6% 3.6% 4.7% 4.7% 2.9% −1.8 −2.0
California 9.8% 10.6% 10.9% 10.3% 9.8% 9.3% −0.6 −0.5
Colorado 6.3% 5.3% 4.8% 4.8% 5.1% 5.0% 0.0 −1.3
Connecticut 8.4% 9.8% 9.0% 7.7% 7.6% 9.2% 1.6 0.8
Delaware 5.3% 4.9% 6.2% 4.4% 5.2% 3.5% −1.7 −1.8
District Of Columbia 5.9% 5.0% 5.3% 6.1% 5.3% 7.0% 1.6 1.0
Florida 3.8% 4.5% 3.3% 2.8% 3.3% 3.5% 0.1 −0.3
Georgia 3.9% 4.3% 3.6% 3.3% 3.4% 2.6% −0.8 −1.3
Hawaii 16.0% 14.7% 15.7% 14.4% 16.0% 16.0% 0.0 0.1
Idaho 3.8% 4.0% 3.2% 3.7% 3.4% 3.6% 0.3 −0.2
Illinois 9.8% 9.1% 9.4% 8.4% 8.5% 8.5% 0.0 −1.3
Indiana 7.7% 6.5% 6.7% 6.2% 7.1% 7.9% 0.8 0.2
Iowa 4.4% 4.6% 4.8% 5.6% 5.8% 5.0% −0.8 0.6
Kansas 6.4% 8.2% 7.8% 8.4% 7.3% 4.8% −2.5 −1.7
Kentucky 7.7% 8.2% 8.3% 7.9% 8.1% 9.5% 1.4 1.8
Louisiana 3.9% 4.4% 3.5% 2.9% 3.3% 3.0% −0.3 −0.9
Maine 6.3% 6.8% 7.4% 4.6% 4.9% 8.7% 3.8 2.4
Maryland 5.2% 6.9% 6.3% 6.5% 6.0% 6.4% 0.4 1.2
Massachusetts 7.8% 7.2% 7.7% 7.6% 8.0% 8.5% 0.6 0.8
Michigan 11.0% 12.2% 10.4% 11.6% 10.7% 11.3% 0.6 0.4
Minnesota 7.8% 8.2% 9.9% 9.6% 8.2% 8.9% 0.7 1.1
Mississippi 6.2% 6.1% 4.9% 5.4% 8.1% 6.6% −1.5 0.4
Missouri 9.0% 6.8% 7.2% 8.0% 8.0% 6.8% −1.2 −2.2
Montana 6.0% 6.2% 7.2% 5.8% 7.2% 7.2% 0.0 1.3
Nebraska 4.9% 5.0% 4.8% 5.4% 4.9% 4.1% −0.8 −0.9
Nevada 12.3% 10.6% 9.4% 8.9% 10.9% 10.0% −0.9 −2.4
New Hampshire 5.7% 4.7% 5.1% 4.2% 4.9% 5.2% 0.3 −0.5
New Jersey 9.2% 9.6% 10.2% 9.2% 11.0% 10.6% −0.4 1.4
New Mexico 4.1% 4.1% 5.1% 5.4% 4.4% 4.8% 0.3 0.7
New York 14.2% 14.0% 14.4% 13.3% 12.9% 12.3% −0.6 −1.9
North Carolina 1.8% 2.5% 2.1% 2.5% 2.3% 2.2% −0.1 0.5
North Dakota 4.3% 4.4% 3.8% 4.4% 5.0% 4.3% −0.8 −0.1
Ohio 7.8% 7.8% 7.1% 8.2% 8.0% 8.6% 0.7 0.9
Oklahoma 4.1% 4.4% 3.5% 3.4% 3.1% 2.8% −0.4 −1.3
Oregon 8.2% 9.3% 9.8% 8.8% 7.9% 10.6% 2.7 2.4
Pennsylvania 7.9% 8.9% 7.7% 7.8% 8.7% 7.3% −1.4 −0.6
Rhode Island 11.2% 10.9% 10.1% 10.8% 8.6% 9.2% 0.6 −2.1
South Carolina 1.6% 2.4% 1.4% 1.4% 2.1% 2.4% 0.2 0.7
South Dakota 2.9% 3.4% 3.2% 2.1% 2.2% 2.1% −0.1 −0.8
Tennessee 3.6% 3.4% 3.5% 3.2% 4.5% 3.6% −0.9 0.0
Texas 3.4% 3.4% 2.8% 2.9% 3.2% 3.2% 0.0 −0.1
Utah 3.8% 3.1% 4.3% 5.9% 5.9% 5.5% −0.4 1.7
Vermont 5.7% 6.8% 7.0% 6.7% 8.4% 9.1% 0.7 3.4
Virginia 3.1% 2.6% 3.2% 2.7% 3.0% 3.1% 0.1 0.0
Washington 13.1% 10.9% 11.6% 11.4% 11.1% 11.2% 0.1 −1.8
West Virginia 8.4% 7.8% 6.6% 7.2% 7.4% 6.5% −0.9 −1.9
Wisconsin 5.6% 7.3% 6.6% 5.9% 6.1% 5.2% −0.9 −0.4
Wyoming 5.6% 6.3% 4.9% 3.6% 3.2% 4.5% 1.3 −1.1
Membership (%)
Alabama 6.5% 5.4% 4.0% 4.5% 4.6% 4.4% −0.3 −2.2
Alaska 8.4% 9.4% 7.5% 9.0% 7.2% 9.1% 1.8 0.7
Arizona 3.4% 3.0% 3.0% 3.7% 2.4% 2.4% 0.0 −1.1
Arkansas 4.3% 3.6% 3.3% 4.2% 4.3% 2.5% −1.8 −1.9
California 8.8% 9.6% 9.3% 9.3% 8.8% 7.9% −0.9 −0.9
Colorado 6.0% 5.0% 4.1% 4.3% 4.3% 4.7% 0.4 −1.3
Connecticut 7.1% 8.6% 7.3% 6.9% 6.7% 8.2% 1.5 1.1
Delaware 4.4% 4.5% 6.0% 3.9% 4.6% 3.4% −1.2 −1.0
District Of Columbia 5.3% 4.7% 5.0% 5.3% 4.6% 6.6% 2.0 1.2
Florida 3.0% 3.6% 2.8% 2.2% 2.5% 2.7% 0.2 −0.4
Georgia 3.2% 3.0% 2.8% 2.9% 2.9% 2.2% −0.7 −0.9
Hawaii 14.6% 13.3% 14.5% 13.3% 15.2% 15.2% 0.1 0.7
Idaho 3.0% 3.5% 3.0% 3.0% 2.8% 3.0% 0.2 0.0
Illinois 8.9% 8.5% 8.6% 7.6% 8.0% 7.8% −0.2 −1.0
Indiana 6.7% 5.8% 6.2% 5.6% 6.3% 7.2% 0.9 0.5
Iowa 4.0% 3.8% 4.1% 4.8% 4.8% 4.2% −0.6 0.2
Kansas 5.6% 6.4% 6.9% 7.2% 6.5% 4.0% −2.5 −1.5
Kentucky 6.7% 6.5% 6.3% 6.3% 6.1% 7.6% 1.6 1.0
Louisiana 3.4% 3.8% 2.9% 2.4% 2.8% 2.4% −0.4 −1.0
Maine 5.5% 6.4% 5.9% 3.2% 4.3% 7.6% 3.3 2.1
Maryland 4.6% 6.3% 5.5% 5.8% 5.1% 5.2% 0.2 0.6
Massachusetts 6.6% 6.4% 7.2% 6.6% 7.1% 7.7% 0.7 1.1
Michigan 9.8% 11.1% 9.1% 10.6% 9.7% 10.4% 0.7 0.5
Minnesota 7.4% 7.5% 9.0% 8.9% 7.6% 8.6% 0.9 1.1
Mississippi 4.1% 5.2% 4.1% 4.0% 5.7% 4.2% −1.5 0.1
Missouri 8.2% 6.4% 6.6% 7.5% 7.2% 6.4% −0.9 −1.8
Montana 5.3% 5.6% 6.3% 5.4% 6.8% 6.6% −0.2 1.3
Nebraska 4.6% 4.6% 4.1% 4.5% 3.8% 3.1% −0.6 −1.4
Nevada 11.6% 9.6% 8.3% 8.0% 9.4% 9.0% −0.4 −2.6
New Hampshire 5.2% 4.3% 4.3% 3.7% 3.7% 4.7% 0.9 −0.5
New Jersey 8.0% 8.3% 9.0% 8.4% 10.0% 9.7% −0.4 1.6
New Mexico 3.6% 3.6% 4.2% 4.6% 3.6% 4.2% 0.5 0.5
New York 12.7% 12.6% 13.1% 12.2% 12.2% 11.4% −0.8 −1.3
North Carolina 1.2% 1.8% 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 1.6% −0.2 0.4
North Dakota 3.3% 3.6% 3.0% 3.6% 4.0% 3.4% −0.6 0.1
Ohio 6.9% 7.1% 6.5% 7.5% 7.0% 7.9% 0.9 1.0
Oklahoma 3.1% 3.8% 2.7% 2.6% 3.0% 2.5% −0.4 −0.5
Oregon 7.3% 8.9% 9.4% 8.1% 7.2% 9.7% 2.5 2.4
Pennsylvania 7.1% 8.2% 7.3% 7.4% 7.8% 6.8% −0.9 −0.3
Rhode Island 10.0% 9.9% 8.7% 9.5% 7.8% 8.5% 0.7 −1.5
South Carolina 1.3% 1.9% 1.1% 1.3% 1.6% 1.5% −0.1 0.2
South Dakota 2.6% 2.7% 2.5% 1.4% 1.8% 1.3% −0.4 −1.3
Tennessee 2.9% 2.8% 3.0% 2.8% 3.8% 3.2% −0.6 0.3
Texas 2.5% 2.7% 2.2% 2.2% 2.6% 2.7% 0.0 0.2
Utah 3.1% 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% 1.9% 2.1% 0.2 −1.0
Vermont 5.3% 5.5% 6.0% 5.9% 8.2% 8.0% −0.1 2.7
Virginia 2.5% 2.0% 2.4% 2.2% 2.4% 2.7% 0.3 0.2
Washington 12.0% 10.3% 10.9% 10.7% 10.0% 10.1% 0.0 −2.0
West Virginia 7.8% 7.3% 6.1% 6.7% 6.7% 5.5% −1.2 −2.3
Wisconsin 5.1% 6.5% 5.7% 5.2% 5.6% 4.8% −0.8 −0.4
Wyoming 5.1% 5.1% 4.1% 3.1% 3.0% 3.8% 0.8 −1.3
Coverage
Alabama 125,000 93,000 76,000 91,000 97,000 92,000 −5,000 −34,000
Alaska 19,000 22,000 18,000 21,000 17,000 22,000 5,000 3,000
Arizona 113,000 87,000 101,000 110,000 79,000 76,000 −3,000 −37,000
Arkansas 49,000 45,000 36,000 47,000 47,000 30,000 −17,000 −19,000
California 1,385,000 1,349,000 1,446,000 1,413,000 1,360,000 1,280,000 −80,000 −105,000
Colorado 139,000 110,000 102,000 106,000 115,000 111,000 −4,000 −28,000
Connecticut 122,000 130,000 121,000 110,000 104,000 127,000 22,000 5,000
Delaware 20,000 17,000 23,000 16,000 19,000 13,000 −6,000 −7,000
District Of Columbia 16,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 13,000 18,000 5,000 3,000
Florida 288,000 317,000 253,000 220,000 277,000 279,000 2,000 −9,000
Georgia 147,000 151,000 132,000 128,000 134,000 104,000 −30,000 −43,000
Hawaii 71,000 56,000 64,000 64,000 70,000 67,000 −3,000 −4,000
Idaho 25,000 25,000 21,000 26,000 23,000 26,000 3,000 1,000
Illinois 485,000 415,000 441,000 408,000 414,000 417,000 3,000 −67,000
Indiana 204,000 164,000 166,000 165,000 189,000 206,000 16,000 1,000
Iowa 57,000 54,000 58,000 73,000 74,000 61,000 −13,000 4,000
Kansas 67,000 87,000 83,000 90,000 82,000 51,000 −31,000 −16,000
Kentucky 118,000 116,000 122,000 120,000 117,000 146,000 29,000 28,000
Louisiana 57,000 60,000 50,000 43,000 49,000 43,000 −5,000 −14,000
Maine 32,000 30,000 35,000 21,000 24,000 43,000 20,000 12,000
Maryland 117,000 140,000 129,000 137,000 125,000 135,000 10,000 18,000
Massachusetts 232,000 189,000 216,000 215,000 230,000 251,000 22,000 20,000
Michigan 423,000 424,000 372,000 440,000 424,000 440,000 15,000 17,000
Minnesota 179,000 175,000 219,000 222,000 190,000 205,000 15,000 26,000
Mississippi 56,000 52,000 44,000 49,000 71,000 61,000 −10,000 4,000
Missouri 205,000 149,000 161,000 184,000 188,000 158,000 −29,000 −47,000
Montana 21,000 21,000 25,000 22,000 28,000 28,000 1,000 7,000
Nebraska 37,000 37,000 37,000 43,000 39,000 32,000 −7,000 −5,000
Nevada 146,000 109,000 103,000 101,000 131,000 118,000 −13,000 −28,000
New Hampshire 34,000 26,000 28,000 24,000 28,000 30,000 2,000 −3,000
New Jersey 319,000 303,000 328,000 334,000 401,000 385,000 −16,000 66,000
New Mexico 25,000 23,000 29,000 33,000 26,000 29,000 3,000 5,000
New York 989,000 878,000 930,000 912,000 895,000 843,000 −52,000 −146,000
North Carolina 65,000 88,000 76,000 94,000 91,000 88,000 −3,000 23,000
North Dakota 13,000 12,000 11,000 13,000 15,000 13,000 −2,000 0
Ohio 342,000 317,000 305,000 351,000 348,000 384,000 36,000 42,000
Oklahoma 53,000 54,000 45,000 42,000 43,000 38,000 −5,000 −15,000
Oregon 123,000 131,000 145,000 135,000 120,000 164,000 44,000 41,000
Pennsylvania 396,000 419,000 367,000 386,000 447,000 366,000 −81,000 −30,000
Rhode Island 46,000 43,000 42,000 48,000 38,000 40,000 1,000 −6,000
South Carolina 30,000 40,000 24,000 25,000 37,000 43,000 5,000 13,000
South Dakota 10,000 11,000 11,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 0 −2,000
Tennessee 90,000 78,000 85,000 82,000 115,000 89,000 −26,000 −1,000
Texas 362,000 335,000 290,000 310,000 366,000 373,000 7,000 11,000
Utah 45,000 36,000 53,000 77,000 79,000 71,000 −8,000 26,000
Vermont 14,000 15,000 15,000 16,000 21,000 22,000 1,000 8,000
Virginia 95,000 75,000 90,000 81,000 94,000 96,000 1,000 0
Washington 368,000 287,000 311,000 315,000 324,000 318,000 −6,000 −50,000
West Virginia 49,000 42,000 36,000 40,000 42,000 37,000 −5,000 −12,000
Wisconsin 130,000 162,000 153,000 134,000 148,000 129,000 −19,000 −1,000
Wyoming 10,000 11,000 9,000 6,000 6,000 8,000 2,000 −2,000
Membership
Alabama 112,000 85,000 65,000 78,000 81,000 79,000 −2,000 −34,000
Alaska 17,000 20,000 16,000 19,000 16,000 20,000 4,000 3,000
Arizona 90,000 74,000 81,000 98,000 67,000 66,000 −1,000 −24,000
Arkansas 44,000 35,000 33,000 42,000 43,000 26,000 −17,000 −18,000
California 1,247,000 1,221,000 1,236,000 1,273,000 1,213,000 1,092,000 −121,000 −155,000
Colorado 132,000 104,000 86,000 95,000 98,000 104,000 6,000 −28,000
Connecticut 103,000 115,000 98,000 97,000 92,000 113,000 21,000 10,000
Delaware 16,000 16,000 22,000 15,000 17,000 12,000 −4,000 −4,000
District Of Columbia 14,000 11,000 13,000 13,000 12,000 17,000 6,000 3,000
Florida 233,000 252,000 211,000 175,000 207,000 216,000 9,000 −17,000
Georgia 119,000 104,000 105,000 112,000 116,000 89,000 −27,000 −30,000
Hawaii 64,000 50,000 59,000 59,000 66,000 64,000 −3,000 −1,000
Idaho 20,000 22,000 20,000 21,000 19,000 21,000 3,000 2,000
Illinois 438,000 386,000 402,000 371,000 389,000 382,000 −7,000 −55,000
Indiana 178,000 145,000 153,000 149,000 170,000 188,000 18,000 10,000
Iowa 51,000 44,000 49,000 63,000 62,000 52,000 −10,000 0
Kansas 58,000 68,000 73,000 77,000 73,000 43,000 −29,000 −15,000
Kentucky 102,000 92,000 94,000 96,000 88,000 118,000 30,000 15,000
Louisiana 50,000 52,000 40,000 35,000 41,000 34,000 −7,000 −16,000
Maine 28,000 28,000 28,000 14,000 21,000 38,000 17,000 10,000
Maryland 103,000 126,000 112,000 123,000 105,000 111,000 6,000 8,000
Massachusetts 197,000 170,000 201,000 189,000 204,000 228,000 24,000 31,000
Michigan 379,000 387,000 326,000 401,000 385,000 402,000 18,000 23,000
Minnesota 171,000 160,000 199,000 205,000 176,000 198,000 21,000 27,000
Mississippi 37,000 44,000 36,000 36,000 50,000 39,000 −11,000 2,000
Missouri 185,000 139,000 147,000 171,000 170,000 148,000 −22,000 −37,000
Montana 19,000 19,000 22,000 20,000 26,000 26,000 0 7,000
Nebraska 34,000 34,000 31,000 36,000 30,000 25,000 −5,000 −10,000
Nevada 138,000 99,000 91,000 91,000 113,000 106,000 −7,000 −31,000
New Hampshire 31,000 23,000 24,000 22,000 22,000 27,000 6,000 −3,000
New Jersey 279,000 262,000 292,000 302,000 367,000 353,000 −14,000 74,000
New Mexico 22,000 20,000 24,000 29,000 22,000 26,000 4,000 4,000
New York 884,000 789,000 843,000 832,000 849,000 781,000 −67,000 −102,000
North Carolina 44,000 65,000 55,000 68,000 74,000 64,000 −10,000 20,000
North Dakota 10,000 10,000 9,000 11,000 12,000 10,000 −2,000 0
Ohio 305,000 288,000 279,000 323,000 306,000 352,000 45,000 46,000
Oklahoma 39,000 46,000 35,000 33,000 41,000 34,000 −6,000 −4,000
Oregon 110,000 126,000 139,000 124,000 110,000 151,000 41,000 41,000
Pennsylvania 357,000 384,000 344,000 363,000 400,000 345,000 −55,000 −12,000
Rhode Island 40,000 39,000 36,000 42,000 35,000 37,000 2,000 −4,000
South Carolina 23,000 32,000 19,000 23,000 28,000 27,000 −1,000 4,000
South Dakota 9,000 9,000 8,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 −2,000 −4,000
Tennessee 72,000 65,000 72,000 71,000 97,000 78,000 −18,000 6,000
Texas 267,000 268,000 230,000 237,000 299,000 309,000 10,000 42,000
Utah 36,000 21,000 21,000 20,000 26,000 27,000 1,000 −9,000
Vermont 13,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 21,000 20,000 −1,000 7,000
Virginia 76,000 59,000 69,000 67,000 75,000 85,000 10,000 9,000
Washington 339,000 271,000 292,000 297,000 294,000 286,000 −8,000 −54,000
West Virginia 45,000 40,000 33,000 37,000 38,000 31,000 −7,000 −14,000
Wisconsin 119,000 143,000 132,000 120,000 136,000 118,000 −17,000 0
Wyoming 9,000 9,000 7,000 6,000 6,000 7,000 1,000 −2,000
Total employment
Alabama 1,716,000 1,581,000 1,622,000 1,739,000 1,744,000 1,796,000 52,000 79,000
Alaska 204,000 208,000 213,000 214,000 223,000 225,000 2,000 21,000
Arizona 2,611,000 2,493,000 2,703,000 2,648,000 2,768,000 2,756,000 −12,000 145,000
Arkansas 1,006,000 973,000 990,000 1,000,000 1,002,000 1,054,000 51,000 47,000
California 14,123,000 12,708,000 13,239,000 13,732,000 13,804,000 13,807,000 3,000 −316,000
Colorado 2,192,000 2,065,000 2,101,000 2,207,000 2,275,000 2,213,000 −62,000 20,000
Connecticut 1,456,000 1,327,000 1,340,000 1,422,000 1,367,000 1,379,000 11,000 −78,000
Delaware 371,000 356,000 366,000 376,000 366,000 364,000 −2,000 −7,000
District Of Columbia 266,000 243,000 254,000 241,000 253,000 263,000 10,000 −3,000
Florida 7,629,000 7,047,000 7,613,000 8,000,000 8,298,000 8,017,000 −281,000 388,000
Georgia 3,755,000 3,536,000 3,718,000 3,869,000 3,942,000 3,957,000 15,000 202,000
Hawaii 442,000 377,000 408,000 447,000 438,000 418,000 −21,000 −25,000
Idaho 662,000 618,000 655,000 695,000 675,000 719,000 44,000 58,000
Illinois 4,933,000 4,539,000 4,677,000 4,875,000 4,846,000 4,885,000 40,000 −47,000
Indiana 2,669,000 2,505,000 2,470,000 2,671,000 2,679,000 2,614,000 −64,000 −55,000
Iowa 1,298,000 1,168,000 1,210,000 1,303,000 1,281,000 1,228,000 −53,000 −70,000
Kansas 1,046,000 1,064,000 1,069,000 1,066,000 1,122,000 1,073,000 −49,000 27,000
Kentucky 1,540,000 1,411,000 1,483,000 1,517,000 1,442,000 1,541,000 99,000 0
Louisiana 1,465,000 1,376,000 1,416,000 1,487,000 1,461,000 1,450,000 −12,000 −15,000
Maine 498,000 444,000 470,000 447,000 483,000 497,000 14,000 −1,000
Maryland 2,235,000 2,019,000 2,048,000 2,107,000 2,072,000 2,112,000 40,000 −123,000
Massachusetts 2,984,000 2,638,000 2,792,000 2,843,000 2,886,000 2,948,000 62,000 −36,000
Michigan 3,856,000 3,485,000 3,577,000 3,799,000 3,953,000 3,876,000 −77,000 20,000
Minnesota 2,303,000 2,132,000 2,213,000 2,318,000 2,312,000 2,314,000 2,000 11,000
Mississippi 902,000 854,000 894,000 901,000 877,000 920,000 43,000 18,000
Missouri 2,266,000 2,172,000 2,239,000 2,297,000 2,357,000 2,326,000 −31,000 60,000
Montana 359,000 337,000 355,000 376,000 382,000 392,000 10,000 33,000
Nebraska 751,000 745,000 770,000 795,000 792,000 780,000 −12,000 28,000
Nevada 1,187,000 1,030,000 1,097,000 1,134,000 1,208,000 1,182,000 −26,000 −5,000
New Hampshire 590,000 542,000 556,000 585,000 580,000 587,000 7,000 −3,000
New Jersey 3,470,000 3,159,000 3,226,000 3,607,000 3,653,000 3,644,000 −9,000 174,000
New Mexico 605,000 543,000 576,000 619,000 598,000 616,000 18,000 10,000
New York 6,962,000 6,275,000 6,442,000 6,844,000 6,947,000 6,855,000 −91,000 −107,000
North Carolina 3,704,000 3,549,000 3,653,000 3,715,000 3,974,000 3,938,000 −36,000 234,000
North Dakota 295,000 278,000 289,000 304,000 301,000 303,000 1,000 7,000
Ohio 4,406,000 4,050,000 4,271,000 4,282,000 4,371,000 4,455,000 84,000 48,000
Oklahoma 1,272,000 1,212,000 1,290,000 1,250,000 1,364,000 1,355,000 −9,000 83,000
Oregon 1,500,000 1,409,000 1,472,000 1,534,000 1,519,000 1,554,000 35,000 53,000
Pennsylvania 5,035,000 4,694,000 4,732,000 4,932,000 5,134,000 5,039,000 −95,000 4,000
Rhode Island 407,000 393,000 412,000 439,000 448,000 434,000 −14,000 27,000
South Carolina 1,812,000 1,705,000 1,735,000 1,728,000 1,761,000 1,808,000 47,000 −4,000
South Dakota 333,000 327,000 334,000 363,000 371,000 372,000 0 39,000
Tennessee 2,528,000 2,295,000 2,409,000 2,517,000 2,553,000 2,482,000 −72,000 −46,000
Texas 10,716,000 9,881,000 10,397,000 10,789,000 11,289,000 11,465,000 176,000 748,000
Utah 1,179,000 1,163,000 1,244,000 1,312,000 1,334,000 1,289,000 −45,000 110,000
Vermont 244,000 218,000 214,000 235,000 254,000 245,000 −9,000 1,000
Virginia 3,075,000 2,868,000 2,834,000 3,032,000 3,135,000 3,115,000 −20,000 40,000
Washington 2,822,000 2,640,000 2,668,000 2,767,000 2,925,000 2,837,000 −88,000 15,000
West Virginia 580,000 541,000 551,000 554,000 564,000 565,000 1,000 −16,000
Wisconsin 2,311,000 2,218,000 2,322,000 2,288,000 2,418,000 2,473,000 56,000 162,000
Wyoming 181,000 174,000 175,000 180,000 191,000 187,000 −3,000 6,000
Sample size
Alabama 2,542 2,215 2,324 2,293 2,118 1,974
Alaska 1,236 1,156 1,096 1,041 1,087 1,033
Arizona 2,067 1,856 1,853 1,697 1,734 1,643
Arkansas 2,209 1,876 1,907 1,790 1,769 1,830
California 11,239 9,105 9,491 9,364 9,031 9,088
Colorado 1,676 1,465 1,521 1,569 1,414 1,368
Connecticut 1,484 1,223 1,208 1,191 1,177 1,271
Delaware 1,392 1,210 1,253 1,233 1,148 1,138
District Of Columbia 1,974 1,745 1,730 1,666 1,487 1,618
Florida 5,664 4,788 5,311 5,289 5,079 4,763
Georgia 2,989 2,484 2,526 2,330 2,277 2,249
Hawaii 1,680 1,263 1,343 1,440 1,400 1,341
Idaho 2,211 1,978 2,026 1,958 1,843 2,002
Illinois 3,745 3,275 3,254 3,138 3,051 3,028
Indiana 2,313 1,998 2,013 1,951 1,831 1,792
Iowa 1,755 1,463 1,386 1,381 1,400 1,366
Kansas 1,649 1,567 1,514 1,334 1,362 1,352
Kentucky 1,442 1,258 1,298 1,181 1,020 1,054
Louisiana 2,677 2,296 2,307 2,252 2,152 2,010
Maine 1,032 881 850 781 805 756
Maryland 1,602 1,346 1,346 1,289 1,172 1,164
Massachusetts 3,099 2,605 2,711 2,704 2,665 2,682
Michigan 3,149 2,680 2,617 2,589 2,613 2,449
Minnesota 1,921 1,652 1,596 1,660 1,587 1,606
Mississippi 2,000 1,804 1,809 1,708 1,548 1,557
Missouri 1,825 1,688 1,715 1,686 1,656 1,609
Montana 2,145 1,872 1,821 1,672 1,645 1,759
Nebraska 1,762 1,673 1,662 1,506 1,463 1,459
Nevada 1,815 1,460 1,523 1,478 1,454 1,545
New Hampshire 2,090 1,763 1,650 1,555 1,478 1,449
New Jersey 2,811 2,310 2,215 2,206 2,192 2,141
New Mexico 1,774 1,450 1,507 1,519 1,360 1,322
New York 5,273 4,285 3,997 4,047 3,898 3,853
North Carolina 2,923 2,454 2,734 2,606 2,761 2,566
North Dakota 2,124 1,966 2,011 1,845 1,590 1,608
Ohio 3,290 2,816 2,867 2,592 2,520 2,750
Oklahoma 1,738 1,569 1,533 1,375 1,452 1,406
Oregon 1,975 1,804 1,856 1,786 1,670 1,643
Pennsylvania 3,726 3,170 3,228 3,231 3,155 3,085
Rhode Island 1,249 1,093 1,067 1,003 987 967
South Carolina 2,035 1,738 1,778 1,675 1,690 1,717
South Dakota 1,559 1,434 1,390 1,381 1,344 1,389
Tennessee 2,586 2,123 2,101 2,003 1,841 1,909
Texas 7,541 6,226 6,620 6,470 6,355 6,668
Utah 2,236 2,018 2,132 2,060 1,925 1,919
Vermont 1,794 1,515 1,454 1,398 1,403 1,449
Virginia 2,342 2,033 1,985 1,949 1,899 1,908
Washington 2,536 2,221 2,126 2,018 2,097 2,005
West Virginia 2,427 1,964 1,847 1,828 1,806 1,913
Wisconsin 1,928 1,721 1,738 1,654 1,724 1,763
Wyoming 1,614 1,495 1,399 1,316 1,340 1,303
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.60, https://microdata.epi.org.