Table 5: Union membership and union coverage, January to December, 2019 to 2022
By state
	2019	2020	2021	2022	Change
					2022-2021	2022-2019
Coverage (%)
Alabama	9.8%	8.6%	6.9%	8.4%	1.5	−1.5
Alaska	18.7%	19.5%	17.2%	17.4%	0.2	−1.3
Arizona	7.1%	7.1%	6.7%	6.2%	−0.5	−0.9
Arkansas	5.9%	5.9%	4.4%	5.6%	1.2	−0.2
California	16.5%	17.6%	17.8%	17.6%	−0.2	1.1
Colorado	9.9%	8.2%	7.5%	7.5%	0.0	−2.3
Connecticut	16.0%	18.4%	16.2%	15.4%	−0.9	−0.6
Delaware	9.9%	10.5%	10.2%	9.4%	−0.8	−0.5
District Of Columbia	10.2%	9.5%	9.9%	10.4%	0.5	0.2
Florida	7.5%	7.9%	6.1%	5.6%	−0.5	−1.9
Georgia	5.0%	6.5%	5.8%	5.4%	−0.4	0.4
Hawaii	25.4%	25.6%	24.1%	23.3%	−0.8	−2.1
Idaho	6.1%	6.4%	5.5%	5.9%	0.4	−0.1
Illinois	14.7%	15.2%	15.2%	14.1%	−1.1	−0.6
Indiana	9.8%	9.6%	10.2%	8.6%	−1.6	−1.2
Iowa	7.9%	9.1%	8.3%	8.7%	0.5	0.9
Kansas	10.1%	11.2%	11.3%	12.2%	0.8	2.1
Kentucky	9.4%	9.4%	9.7%	10.3%	0.6	0.9
Louisiana	6.0%	6.7%	5.7%	5.2%	−0.5	−0.8
Maine	13.7%	16.6%	14.7%	11.5%	−3.2	−2.2
Maryland	12.7%	14.2%	12.3%	13.2%	0.9	0.5
Massachusetts	13.2%	12.9%	13.6%	13.8%	0.2	0.6
Michigan	15.0%	16.6%	15.3%	15.3%	0.0	0.3
Minnesota	14.3%	17.0%	17.1%	15.3%	−1.8	1.1
Mississippi	8.4%	8.3%	6.9%	7.2%	0.3	−1.3
Missouri	12.5%	10.0%	10.2%	10.5%	0.3	−1.9
Montana	12.0%	12.9%	12.9%	12.3%	−0.5	0.4
Nebraska	9.5%	10.5%	7.9%	8.0%	0.1	−1.5
Nevada	16.1%	15.4%	14.0%	12.8%	−1.2	−3.3
New Hampshire	11.6%	11.0%	11.3%	11.1%	−0.2	−0.5
New Jersey	17.4%	17.7%	17.9%	16.0%	−1.9	−1.4
New Mexico	8.8%	8.6%	9.1%	10.6%	1.6	1.8
New York	22.7%	23.6%	24.0%	22.1%	−2.0	−0.7
North Carolina	3.4%	3.9%	3.4%	3.9%	0.6	0.5
North Dakota	7.5%	7.4%	6.9%	7.6%	0.7	0.1
Ohio	13.1%	14.2%	13.0%	14.0%	0.9	0.8
Oklahoma	7.9%	7.6%	6.8%	7.1%	0.3	−0.8
Oregon	15.6%	17.2%	18.8%	16.9%	−2.0	1.2
Pennsylvania	13.1%	14.6%	13.6%	13.6%	0.1	0.5
Rhode Island	19.0%	19.1%	17.5%	17.8%	0.3	−1.3
South Carolina	2.7%	3.8%	2.0%	1.9%	−0.1	−0.8
South Dakota	6.7%	5.5%	5.0%	4.2%	−0.7	−2.5
Tennessee	5.5%	5.1%	5.9%	6.3%	0.4	0.8
Texas	5.2%	6.0%	4.7%	5.1%	0.4	−0.1
Utah	5.9%	5.4%	6.5%	8.7%	2.2	2.8
Vermont	12.0%	13.8%	14.2%	13.5%	−0.8	1.5
Virginia	5.2%	5.4%	6.5%	4.5%	−2.0	−0.7
Washington	20.2%	18.6%	19.9%	19.1%	−0.9	−1.1
West Virginia	11.1%	11.3%	10.5%	10.0%	−0.5	−1.1
Wisconsin	9.1%	10.2%	9.3%	8.0%	−1.3	−1.1
Wyoming	8.7%	9.3%	6.9%	7.3%	0.4	−1.4
Membership (%)
Alabama	8.5%	8.0%	5.9%	7.2%	1.3	−1.3
Alaska	17.1%	17.6%	15.7%	16.1%	0.3	−1.1
Arizona	5.7%	5.3%	5.4%	5.5%	0.2	−0.2
Arkansas	5.1%	4.7%	3.9%	4.9%	1.0	−0.3
California	15.1%	16.2%	15.9%	16.1%	0.2	1.0
Colorado	9.1%	7.4%	6.5%	6.7%	0.2	−2.4
Connecticut	14.5%	17.1%	14.6%	14.2%	−0.4	−0.3
Delaware	8.7%	9.9%	9.8%	8.5%	−1.3	−0.3
District Of Columbia	9.3%	8.6%	8.9%	9.1%	0.2	−0.2
Florida	6.2%	6.4%	5.2%	4.5%	−0.6	−1.7
Georgia	4.1%	4.7%	4.8%	4.4%	−0.4	0.4
Hawaii	23.4%	23.6%	22.4%	21.7%	−0.6	−1.6
Idaho	4.9%	5.6%	4.7%	4.7%	0.0	−0.2
Illinois	13.6%	14.2%	13.9%	13.1%	−0.8	−0.5
Indiana	8.3%	8.2%	9.0%	7.4%	−1.6	−0.9
Iowa	6.3%	6.6%	6.5%	7.0%	0.5	0.7
Kansas	8.7%	8.8%	9.2%	9.8%	0.6	1.1
Kentucky	8.0%	7.5%	7.2%	7.9%	0.7	−0.1
Louisiana	5.3%	5.9%	4.7%	4.2%	−0.5	−1.1
Maine	11.8%	14.6%	12.4%	9.2%	−3.2	−2.6
Maryland	11.3%	13.1%	10.9%	11.6%	0.7	0.3
Massachusetts	12.0%	12.0%	12.6%	12.7%	0.1	0.8
Michigan	13.7%	15.2%	13.3%	14.0%	0.7	0.3
Minnesota	13.7%	15.8%	15.9%	14.3%	−1.7	0.6
Mississippi	6.3%	7.2%	5.5%	5.6%	0.1	−0.7
Missouri	11.1%	9.4%	9.0%	9.5%	0.6	−1.6
Montana	10.5%	12.0%	11.2%	11.2%	0.0	0.7
Nebraska	8.3%	9.6%	6.8%	6.5%	−0.3	−1.8
Nevada	14.6%	13.4%	12.2%	11.3%	−0.9	−3.2
New Hampshire	10.3%	9.8%	10.0%	10.1%	0.1	−0.2
New Jersey	15.7%	16.1%	16.2%	14.9%	−1.3	−0.8
New Mexico	7.1%	7.2%	7.5%	8.8%	1.3	1.7
New York	21.0%	22.0%	22.2%	20.6%	−1.6	−0.3
North Carolina	2.3%	3.1%	2.6%	2.8%	0.3	0.5
North Dakota	6.0%	6.2%	5.4%	6.4%	1.0	0.4
Ohio	11.9%	13.2%	12.0%	12.8%	0.8	0.9
Oklahoma	6.2%	6.0%	5.6%	5.5%	−0.1	−0.7
Oregon	14.4%	16.2%	17.8%	15.5%	−2.3	1.1
Pennsylvania	12.0%	13.5%	12.9%	12.7%	−0.2	0.7
Rhode Island	17.4%	17.8%	15.8%	16.2%	0.4	−1.2
South Carolina	2.2%	2.9%	1.7%	1.7%	0.0	−0.5
South Dakota	5.6%	4.3%	4.0%	3.2%	−0.8	−2.4
Tennessee	4.5%	4.3%	5.1%	5.5%	0.4	1.0
Texas	4.0%	4.9%	3.8%	4.1%	0.4	0.1
Utah	4.4%	3.6%	3.5%	3.9%	0.4	−0.5
Vermont	11.3%	11.8%	12.3%	12.1%	−0.2	0.8
Virginia	4.0%	4.4%	4.8%	3.7%	−1.0	−0.3
Washington	18.8%	17.4%	19.0%	18.0%	−1.0	−0.8
West Virginia	10.2%	10.6%	9.6%	9.2%	−0.3	−0.9
Wisconsin	8.1%	8.7%	7.9%	7.1%	−0.9	−1.0
Wyoming	7.3%	7.6%	5.7%	5.6%	−0.1	−1.7
Coverage
Alabama	200,000	163,000	133,000	172,000	39,000	−28,000
Alaska	53,000	55,000	50,000	52,000	2,000	−1,000
Arizona	214,000	207,000	209,000	188,000	−20,000	−26,000
Arkansas	71,000	69,000	51,000	68,000	17,000	−3,000
California	2,722,000	2,652,000	2,758,000	2,857,000	99,000	135,000
Colorado	260,000	202,000	191,000	201,000	10,000	−59,000
Connecticut	268,000	280,000	247,000	255,000	8,000	−13,000
Delaware	43,000	45,000	44,000	42,000	−3,000	−1,000
District Of Columbia	37,000	33,000	35,000	35,000	0	−2,000
Florida	667,000	646,000	530,000	512,000	−18,000	−155,000
Georgia	222,000	271,000	255,000	244,000	−12,000	22,000
Hawaii	146,000	130,000	130,000	133,000	3,000	−13,000
Idaho	46,000	47,000	42,000	49,000	7,000	2,000
Illinois	833,000	785,000	818,000	790,000	−29,000	−44,000
Indiana	295,000	271,000	290,000	261,000	−29,000	−34,000
Iowa	121,000	127,000	118,000	131,000	14,000	10,000
Kansas	129,000	144,000	147,000	161,000	13,000	32,000
Kentucky	169,000	158,000	169,000	185,000	16,000	16,000
Louisiana	107,000	113,000	98,000	94,000	−4,000	−13,000
Maine	81,000	93,000	83,000	61,000	−22,000	−20,000
Maryland	370,000	382,000	331,000	372,000	40,000	1,000
Massachusetts	449,000	384,000	433,000	447,000	14,000	−2,000
Michigan	650,000	661,000	619,000	645,000	26,000	−5,000
Minnesota	380,000	428,000	446,000	414,000	−33,000	34,000
Mississippi	93,000	86,000	74,000	79,000	5,000	−14,000
Missouri	332,000	253,000	267,000	283,000	16,000	−50,000
Montana	52,000	54,000	56,000	57,000	1,000	5,000
Nebraska	85,000	94,000	71,000	74,000	3,000	−11,000
Nevada	221,000	186,000	175,000	164,000	−11,000	−57,000
New Hampshire	79,000	69,000	73,000	77,000	4,000	−2,000
New Jersey	712,000	659,000	673,000	665,000	−8,000	−47,000
New Mexico	72,000	64,000	70,000	86,000	16,000	14,000
New York	1,877,000	1,785,000	1,868,000	1,794,000	−75,000	−83,000
North Carolina	150,000	162,000	142,000	172,000	30,000	22,000
North Dakota	27,000	25,000	24,000	28,000	4,000	1,000
Ohio	673,000	684,000	648,000	697,000	49,000	24,000
Oklahoma	123,000	114,000	106,000	113,000	7,000	−11,000
Oregon	277,000	292,000	336,000	306,000	−30,000	29,000
Pennsylvania	740,000	776,000	731,000	767,000	36,000	27,000
Rhode Island	90,000	87,000	83,000	90,000	7,000	0
South Carolina	59,000	77,000	42,000	40,000	−3,000	−19,000
South Dakota	26,000	21,000	20,000	17,000	−2,000	−9,000
Tennessee	162,000	137,000	165,000	184,000	19,000	22,000
Texas	642,000	696,000	570,000	642,000	72,000	0
Utah	83,000	75,000	95,000	134,000	38,000	50,000
Vermont	35,000	36,000	37,000	38,000	1,000	3,000
Virginia	201,000	200,000	240,000	176,000	−64,000	−25,000
Washington	684,000	596,000	659,000	651,000	−8,000	−33,000
West Virginia	78,000	75,000	73,000	69,000	−4,000	−10,000
Wisconsin	245,000	265,000	251,000	212,000	−39,000	−33,000
Wyoming	21,000	22,000	16,000	18,000	2,000	−3,000
Membership
Alabama	174,000	151,000	115,000	148,000	34,000	−25,000
Alaska	48,000	49,000	46,000	48,000	2,000	0
Arizona	174,000	155,000	167,000	169,000	1,000	−5,000
Arkansas	62,000	54,000	46,000	58,000	13,000	−3,000
California	2,499,000	2,438,000	2,469,000	2,617,000	148,000	118,000
Colorado	239,000	183,000	165,000	178,000	14,000	−60,000
Connecticut	244,000	261,000	222,000	235,000	13,000	−8,000
Delaware	38,000	42,000	42,000	37,000	−5,000	0
District Of Columbia	34,000	29,000	31,000	30,000	−1,000	−3,000
Florida	551,000	525,000	449,000	414,000	−35,000	−137,000
Georgia	180,000	194,000	211,000	200,000	−10,000	21,000
Hawaii	134,000	120,000	121,000	124,000	3,000	−10,000
Idaho	38,000	41,000	36,000	39,000	3,000	1,000
Illinois	771,000	736,000	752,000	734,000	−18,000	−37,000
Indiana	249,000	234,000	256,000	223,000	−32,000	−25,000
Iowa	97,000	92,000	93,000	105,000	12,000	8,000
Kansas	111,000	113,000	120,000	129,000	10,000	18,000
Kentucky	143,000	126,000	125,000	141,000	16,000	−2,000
Louisiana	94,000	99,000	81,000	75,000	−5,000	−19,000
Maine	69,000	81,000	70,000	48,000	−21,000	−21,000
Maryland	329,000	353,000	294,000	327,000	33,000	−2,000
Massachusetts	406,000	358,000	401,000	412,000	11,000	6,000
Michigan	591,000	605,000	539,000	589,000	50,000	−2,000
Minnesota	363,000	399,000	416,000	385,000	−31,000	21,000
Mississippi	70,000	74,000	59,000	62,000	3,000	−8,000
Missouri	296,000	237,000	235,000	256,000	21,000	−40,000
Montana	46,000	50,000	49,000	52,000	3,000	6,000
Nebraska	74,000	85,000	61,000	60,000	−1,000	−14,000
Nevada	201,000	162,000	152,000	145,000	−7,000	−55,000
New Hampshire	69,000	61,000	65,000	69,000	5,000	0
New Jersey	642,000	599,000	609,000	618,000	9,000	−24,000
New Mexico	58,000	53,000	58,000	71,000	13,000	14,000
New York	1,733,000	1,663,000	1,728,000	1,678,000	−50,000	−55,000
North Carolina	102,000	130,000	108,000	124,000	16,000	22,000
North Dakota	21,000	21,000	19,000	23,000	5,000	2,000
Ohio	610,000	635,000	596,000	639,000	43,000	28,000
Oklahoma	97,000	90,000	87,000	88,000	1,000	−9,000
Oregon	255,000	274,000	318,000	282,000	−36,000	27,000
Pennsylvania	677,000	719,000	692,000	715,000	23,000	39,000
Rhode Island	82,000	81,000	75,000	82,000	7,000	−1,000
South Carolina	47,000	59,000	35,000	35,000	1,000	−12,000
South Dakota	22,000	17,000	16,000	13,000	−3,000	−9,000
Tennessee	134,000	116,000	145,000	162,000	17,000	28,000
Texas	497,000	566,000	453,000	517,000	64,000	20,000
Utah	61,000	51,000	51,000	60,000	9,000	−2,000
Vermont	33,000	31,000	32,000	34,000	2,000	2,000
Virginia	156,000	164,000	175,000	146,000	−29,000	−10,000
Washington	638,000	557,000	628,000	613,000	−14,000	−24,000
West Virginia	72,000	71,000	67,000	64,000	−3,000	−8,000
Wisconsin	218,000	227,000	215,000	187,000	−28,000	−31,000
Wyoming	18,000	18,000	13,000	14,000	0	−4,000
Total employment
Alabama	2,042,000	1,894,000	1,937,000	2,061,000	124,000	20,000
Alaska	282,000	280,000	292,000	299,000	6,000	16,000
Arizona	3,028,000	2,908,000	3,120,000	3,057,000	−63,000	29,000
Arkansas	1,201,000	1,158,000	1,168,000	1,202,000	35,000	2,000
California	16,504,000	15,063,000	15,501,000	16,246,000	744,000	−259,000
Colorado	2,634,000	2,472,000	2,535,000	2,667,000	132,000	33,000
Connecticut	1,681,000	1,524,000	1,523,000	1,659,000	137,000	−22,000
Delaware	433,000	424,000	435,000	442,000	7,000	9,000
District Of Columbia	360,000	343,000	350,000	331,000	−19,000	−30,000
Florida	8,829,000	8,151,000	8,668,000	9,104,000	437,000	275,000
Georgia	4,416,000	4,174,000	4,404,000	4,527,000	123,000	110,000
Hawaii	575,000	507,000	541,000	571,000	31,000	−4,000
Idaho	764,000	731,000	766,000	824,000	59,000	60,000
Illinois	5,661,000	5,176,000	5,397,000	5,612,000	216,000	−49,000
Indiana	3,009,000	2,838,000	2,843,000	3,026,000	183,000	17,000
Iowa	1,544,000	1,399,000	1,426,000	1,507,000	81,000	−37,000
Kansas	1,281,000	1,282,000	1,301,000	1,322,000	21,000	41,000
Kentucky	1,786,000	1,691,000	1,738,000	1,787,000	49,000	1,000
Louisiana	1,780,000	1,681,000	1,723,000	1,798,000	75,000	18,000
Maine	589,000	557,000	563,000	528,000	−35,000	−61,000
Maryland	2,910,000	2,694,000	2,689,000	2,817,000	128,000	−92,000
Massachusetts	3,393,000	2,987,000	3,183,000	3,240,000	57,000	−153,000
Michigan	4,325,000	3,978,000	4,049,000	4,216,000	167,000	−109,000
Minnesota	2,662,000	2,519,000	2,610,000	2,696,000	85,000	34,000
Mississippi	1,104,000	1,033,000	1,081,000	1,103,000	22,000	−2,000
Missouri	2,662,000	2,526,000	2,616,000	2,682,000	67,000	20,000
Montana	437,000	419,000	438,000	467,000	29,000	30,000
Nebraska	895,000	890,000	898,000	923,000	24,000	28,000
Nevada	1,379,000	1,210,000	1,250,000	1,284,000	34,000	−95,000
New Hampshire	677,000	629,000	643,000	687,000	44,000	10,000
New Jersey	4,095,000	3,727,000	3,761,000	4,158,000	397,000	62,000
New Mexico	812,000	742,000	770,000	807,000	38,000	−5,000
New York	8,258,000	7,554,000	7,769,000	8,127,000	357,000	−132,000
North Carolina	4,398,000	4,133,000	4,232,000	4,402,000	170,000	5,000
North Dakota	355,000	339,000	349,000	365,000	16,000	10,000
Ohio	5,125,000	4,813,000	4,971,000	4,990,000	19,000	−136,000
Oklahoma	1,555,000	1,500,000	1,548,000	1,587,000	38,000	32,000
Oregon	1,772,000	1,692,000	1,783,000	1,814,000	31,000	41,000
Pennsylvania	5,642,000	5,316,000	5,386,000	5,630,000	244,000	−12,000
Rhode Island	474,000	456,000	474,000	505,000	31,000	31,000
South Carolina	2,140,000	2,039,000	2,072,000	2,054,000	−18,000	−86,000
South Dakota	395,000	385,000	394,000	412,000	19,000	17,000
Tennessee	2,947,000	2,678,000	2,814,000	2,934,000	120,000	−13,000
Texas	12,337,000	11,614,000	12,056,000	12,509,000	453,000	172,000
Utah	1,406,000	1,404,000	1,467,000	1,539,000	72,000	133,000
Vermont	290,000	265,000	263,000	283,000	20,000	−7,000
Virginia	3,882,000	3,703,000	3,686,000	3,909,000	223,000	27,000
Washington	3,393,000	3,205,000	3,306,000	3,411,000	106,000	18,000
West Virginia	705,000	667,000	694,000	687,000	−7,000	−17,000
Wisconsin	2,698,000	2,597,000	2,705,000	2,647,000	−59,000	−51,000
Wyoming	242,000	239,000	234,000	243,000	9,000	1,000
Sample size
Alabama	3,042	2,667	2,787	2,731
Alaska	1,711	1,578	1,521	1,460
Arizona	2,406	2,168	2,146	1,962
Arkansas	2,656	2,245	2,255	2,164
California	13,173	10,839	11,143	11,104
Colorado	2,014	1,766	1,841	1,894
Connecticut	1,721	1,411	1,379	1,391
Delaware	1,639	1,448	1,491	1,460
District Of Columbia	2,685	2,467	2,401	2,317
Florida	6,570	5,565	6,057	6,011
Georgia	3,531	2,951	3,015	2,746
Hawaii	2,181	1,708	1,779	1,855
Idaho	2,570	2,343	2,376	2,335
Illinois	4,320	3,745	3,773	3,605
Indiana	2,620	2,273	2,322	2,220
Iowa	2,088	1,759	1,643	1,600
Kansas	2,033	1,901	1,853	1,663
Kentucky	1,683	1,520	1,537	1,400
Louisiana	3,268	2,810	2,822	2,745
Maine	1,226	1,113	1,022	923
Maryland	2,091	1,805	1,774	1,734
Massachusetts	3,535	2,954	3,100	3,086
Michigan	3,535	3,055	2,966	2,876
Minnesota	2,230	1,965	1,889	1,935
Mississippi	2,461	2,203	2,198	2,099
Missouri	2,155	1,971	2,008	1,975
Montana	2,627	2,341	2,257	2,101
Nebraska	2,118	2,007	1,947	1,757
Nevada	2,116	1,719	1,748	1,684
New Hampshire	2,412	2,061	1,916	1,839
New Jersey	3,328	2,739	2,582	2,543
New Mexico	2,402	1,993	2,032	2,002
New York	6,279	5,174	4,847	4,812
North Carolina	3,477	2,873	3,175	3,100
North Dakota	2,570	2,412	2,437	2,224
Ohio	3,851	3,363	3,357	3,028
Oklahoma	2,136	1,953	1,863	1,758
Oregon	2,343	2,174	2,250	2,122
Pennsylvania	4,184	3,597	3,684	3,697
Rhode Island	1,467	1,269	1,235	1,159
South Carolina	2,410	2,091	2,129	2,003
South Dakota	1,851	1,687	1,639	1,575
Tennessee	3,036	2,477	2,466	2,345
Texas	8,737	7,359	7,703	7,520
Utah	2,683	2,447	2,523	2,423
Vermont	2,144	1,847	1,799	1,697
Virginia	2,978	2,644	2,588	2,531
Washington	3,054	2,700	2,642	2,490
West Virginia	2,961	2,438	2,347	2,291
Wisconsin	2,254	2,012	2,029	1,925
Wyoming	2,165	2,064	1,884	1,797
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes. These potential errors are, by definition, larger for less than full-year estimates.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute (EPI) analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Extracts, EPI Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.32 (2022), https://microdata.epi.org.