Table 4a: Union membership and union coverage within the private sector, 10-months ending October, 2019 to 2024
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Change
								2024-2023	2024-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	7.1%	7.2%	6.9%	6.7%	6.8%	6.7%	−0.1	−0.4
Gender	Male	8.5%	8.4%	8.0%	7.8%	7.9%	7.8%	−0.2	−0.7
	Female	5.6%	5.8%	5.7%	5.5%	5.5%	5.6%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	7.0%	7.1%	6.9%	6.7%	6.6%	6.5%	−0.1	−0.5
	Black	8.4%	8.9%	7.9%	7.9%	8.6%	8.5%	−0.1	0.1
	Hispanic	6.7%	7.1%	7.1%	6.6%	6.7%	6.4%	−0.2	−0.2
	AAPI	6.6%	5.9%	5.6%	5.6%	6.0%	6.5%	0.5	−0.2
	Other	7.7%	6.2%	4.9%	7.1%	5.4%	6.8%	1.3	−0.9
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.9%	7.1%	6.9%	6.6%	6.6%	6.4%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	8.7%	9.0%	8.0%	8.2%	8.5%	8.8%	0.2	0.1
	Hispanic	6.7%	7.1%	7.1%	6.6%	6.7%	6.4%	−0.2	−0.2
	Asian	6.3%	5.6%	5.3%	5.3%	5.6%	6.4%	0.8	0.1
Age	16-24	4.1%	3.9%	4.1%	4.2%	4.1%	3.8%	−0.3	−0.3
	25-34	6.5%	6.9%	6.6%	5.8%	6.4%	6.4%	0.1	−0.1
	35-44	7.7%	7.4%	7.5%	7.0%	6.9%	7.2%	0.3	−0.6
	45-54	8.2%	8.8%	8.1%	7.9%	8.1%	7.8%	−0.3	−0.4
	55-64	8.8%	8.9%	8.2%	8.5%	8.5%	8.2%	−0.3	−0.6
	65 & up	6.6%	6.4%	6.3%	6.8%	6.6%	6.4%	−0.2	−0.1
Membership (%)
	All	6.2%	6.4%	6.1%	5.9%	6.0%	6.0%	−0.1	−0.3
Gender	Male	7.5%	7.6%	7.1%	7.1%	7.1%	7.0%	−0.1	−0.5
	Female	4.8%	5.0%	4.8%	4.6%	4.8%	4.7%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	6.3%	6.3%	6.1%	5.9%	5.9%	5.8%	−0.1	−0.5
	Black	7.3%	7.6%	7.0%	7.2%	7.6%	7.7%	0.1	0.4
	Hispanic	5.6%	6.4%	6.1%	5.7%	6.0%	5.5%	−0.4	−0.1
	AAPI	5.7%	5.1%	4.6%	5.0%	5.2%	5.5%	0.3	−0.2
	Other	6.6%	5.5%	4.6%	5.8%	4.8%	6.3%	1.6	−0.3
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.1%	6.3%	6.1%	5.8%	5.9%	5.7%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	7.5%	7.7%	7.1%	7.4%	7.5%	7.9%	0.3	0.4
	Hispanic	5.6%	6.4%	6.1%	5.7%	6.0%	5.5%	−0.4	−0.1
	Asian	5.4%	4.8%	4.4%	4.7%	4.9%	5.4%	0.5	0.0
Age	16-24	3.5%	3.3%	3.2%	3.5%	3.5%	3.2%	−0.3	−0.3
	25-34	5.4%	6.0%	5.7%	5.1%	5.5%	5.6%	0.1	0.2
	35-44	6.9%	6.6%	6.6%	6.1%	6.2%	6.3%	0.1	−0.6
	45-54	7.4%	7.8%	7.3%	7.0%	7.2%	7.0%	−0.2	−0.3
	55-64	8.0%	8.1%	7.3%	7.8%	7.7%	7.4%	−0.3	−0.6
	65 & up	5.9%	5.5%	5.6%	6.1%	5.9%	5.8%	−0.1	−0.1
Coverage
	All	8,571,000	8,046,000	7,982,000	8,093,000	8,387,000	8,283,000	−104,000	−288,000
Gender	Male	5,440,000	5,040,000	4,949,000	5,045,000	5,220,000	5,089,000	−131,000	−351,000
	Female	3,131,000	3,006,000	3,033,000	3,048,000	3,167,000	3,194,000	27,000	63,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	5,130,000	4,837,000	4,769,000	4,745,000	4,777,000	4,631,000	−146,000	−498,000
	Black	1,240,000	1,198,000	1,103,000	1,179,000	1,320,000	1,312,000	−8,000	73,000
	Hispanic	1,516,000	1,464,000	1,562,000	1,556,000	1,635,000	1,621,000	−15,000	104,000
	AAPI	591,000	481,000	492,000	528,000	586,000	637,000	51,000	46,000
	Other	95,000	65,000	55,000	85,000	68,000	82,000	14,000	−13,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6,450,000	6,127,000	6,129,000	6,065,000	6,219,000	6,002,000	−216,000	−447,000
	Black	1,298,000	1,224,000	1,120,000	1,239,000	1,336,000	1,370,000	34,000	72,000
	Hispanic	1,516,000	1,464,000	1,562,000	1,556,000	1,635,000	1,621,000	−15,000	104,000
	Asian	518,000	420,000	427,000	456,000	497,000	575,000	78,000	57,000
Age	16-24	721,000	603,000	696,000	745,000	762,000	679,000	−83,000	−43,000
	25-34	1,911,000	1,870,000	1,853,000	1,683,000	1,862,000	1,865,000	3,000	−46,000
	35-44	1,942,000	1,744,000	1,818,000	1,813,000	1,820,000	1,950,000	130,000	8,000
	45-54	1,908,000	1,873,000	1,750,000	1,788,000	1,873,000	1,795,000	−78,000	−113,000
	55-64	1,664,000	1,569,000	1,464,000	1,611,000	1,609,000	1,533,000	−75,000	−131,000
	65 & up	425,000	386,000	400,000	453,000	462,000	462,000	−1,000	37,000
Membership
	All	7,535,000	7,105,000	6,990,000	7,155,000	7,413,000	7,312,000	−101,000	−223,000
Gender	Male	4,856,000	4,513,000	4,401,000	4,558,000	4,675,000	4,594,000	−82,000	−262,000
	Female	2,679,000	2,593,000	2,589,000	2,598,000	2,737,000	2,718,000	−19,000	39,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	4,575,000	4,286,000	4,222,000	4,206,000	4,217,000	4,121,000	−96,000	−454,000
	Black	1,086,000	1,019,000	978,000	1,068,000	1,167,000	1,184,000	18,000	98,000
	Hispanic	1,285,000	1,325,000	1,334,000	1,347,000	1,460,000	1,390,000	−71,000	104,000
	AAPI	506,000	419,000	405,000	465,000	509,000	540,000	32,000	34,000
	Other	82,000	57,000	52,000	70,000	60,000	77,000	17,000	−5,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	5,698,000	5,453,000	5,389,000	5,353,000	5,494,000	5,284,000	−209,000	−414,000
	Black	1,126,000	1,040,000	990,000	1,119,000	1,182,000	1,232,000	50,000	105,000
	Hispanic	1,285,000	1,325,000	1,334,000	1,347,000	1,460,000	1,390,000	−71,000	104,000
	Asian	439,000	362,000	357,000	404,000	431,000	484,000	53,000	45,000
Age	16-24	604,000	509,000	547,000	613,000	639,000	569,000	−70,000	−35,000
	25-34	1,591,000	1,639,000	1,597,000	1,481,000	1,608,000	1,615,000	8,000	24,000
	35-44	1,733,000	1,545,000	1,601,000	1,586,000	1,642,000	1,702,000	60,000	−31,000
	45-54	1,713,000	1,657,000	1,581,000	1,591,000	1,656,000	1,614,000	−42,000	−99,000
	55-64	1,514,000	1,425,000	1,307,000	1,479,000	1,458,000	1,395,000	−63,000	−119,000
	65 & up	379,000	331,000	357,000	406,000	410,000	416,000	6,000	37,000
Total employment
	All	120,641,000	111,109,000	115,175,000	120,321,000	123,011,000	122,808,000	−203,000	2,167,000
Gender	Male	64,332,000	59,705,000	61,637,000	64,419,000	65,769,000	65,489,000	−280,000	1,158,000
	Female	56,310,000	51,404,000	53,538,000	55,902,000	57,242,000	57,318,000	77,000	1,009,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	72,901,000	67,700,000	69,383,000	71,284,000	72,010,000	71,183,000	−828,000	−1,719,000
	Black	14,813,000	13,490,000	13,889,000	14,879,000	15,382,000	15,411,000	29,000	598,000
	Hispanic	22,786,000	20,692,000	22,047,000	23,572,000	24,519,000	25,136,000	617,000	2,350,000
	AAPI	8,907,000	8,181,000	8,724,000	9,391,000	9,850,000	9,872,000	22,000	965,000
	Other	1,234,000	1,046,000	1,132,000	1,195,000	1,250,000	1,206,000	−44,000	−28,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	93,084,000	86,156,000	88,949,000	92,207,000	93,765,000	93,344,000	−421,000	261,000
	Black	14,998,000	13,580,000	13,988,000	15,023,000	15,666,000	15,640,000	−26,000	642,000
	Hispanic	22,786,000	20,692,000	22,047,000	23,572,000	24,519,000	25,136,000	617,000	2,350,000
	Asian	8,207,000	7,476,000	8,043,000	8,555,000	8,867,000	8,985,000	117,000	777,000
Age	16-24	17,505,000	15,456,000	16,935,000	17,578,000	18,449,000	17,809,000	−640,000	304,000
	25-34	29,467,000	27,099,000	28,012,000	28,794,000	29,246,000	29,004,000	−241,000	−463,000
	35-44	25,127,000	23,508,000	24,395,000	25,872,000	26,487,000	27,176,000	689,000	2,049,000
	45-54	23,161,000	21,362,000	21,560,000	22,573,000	22,992,000	22,906,000	−86,000	−255,000
	55-64	18,922,000	17,644,000	17,947,000	18,875,000	18,864,000	18,744,000	−121,000	−179,000
	65 & up	6,459,000	6,040,000	6,328,000	6,629,000	6,973,000	7,168,000	196,000	709,000
Sample size
	All	128,763	110,659	112,513	108,792	104,587	104,660
Gender	Male	65,475	56,503	57,502	55,665	53,305	53,348
	Female	63,288	54,156	55,011	53,127	51,282	51,312
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	86,958	76,068	75,434	71,830	68,502	67,982
	Black	12,947	10,871	11,497	11,142	10,522	10,171
	Hispanic	18,715	15,110	16,431	16,496	16,540	17,337
	AAPI	8,474	7,279	7,740	7,965	7,698	7,876
	Other	1,669	1,331	1,411	1,359	1,325	1,294
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	104,005	89,843	90,291	86,747	83,538	83,670
	Black	12,942	10,843	11,518	11,141	10,551	10,227
	Hispanic	18,715	15,110	16,431	16,496	16,540	17,337
	Asian	7,482	6,440	6,905	6,990	6,676	6,935
Age	16-24	15,669	12,488	13,567	12,996	12,660	12,633
	25-34	28,316	23,725	24,760	23,867	22,598	22,492
	35-44	27,484	24,098	24,522	24,001	23,086	23,454
	45-54	26,224	22,718	22,516	21,566	20,862	20,754
	55-64	22,875	20,233	19,737	18,992	18,048	17,676
	65 & up	8,195	7,397	7,411	7,370	7,333	7,651
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.58, https://microdata.epi.org.