Table 4a: Union membership and union coverage within the private sector, 11-months ending November, 2019 to 2024
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Change
								2024-2023	2024-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	7.1%	7.2%	6.9%	6.8%	6.8%	6.8%	−0.1	−0.4
Gender	Male	8.5%	8.4%	8.1%	7.9%	7.9%	7.8%	−0.1	−0.7
	Female	5.5%	5.8%	5.6%	5.5%	5.5%	5.5%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	7.0%	7.1%	6.9%	6.7%	6.6%	6.5%	−0.1	−0.5
	Black	8.4%	8.8%	7.9%	8.0%	8.7%	8.7%	0.0	0.2
	Hispanic	6.8%	7.1%	7.1%	6.6%	6.7%	6.4%	−0.4	−0.4
	AAPI	6.7%	5.8%	5.7%	5.9%	5.8%	6.6%	0.8	0.0
	Other	7.4%	6.2%	5.7%	7.5%	5.4%	6.5%	1.1	−0.9
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.9%	7.1%	6.9%	6.6%	6.6%	6.4%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	8.8%	9.0%	7.9%	8.2%	8.7%	8.9%	0.2	0.1
	Hispanic	6.8%	7.1%	7.1%	6.6%	6.7%	6.4%	−0.4	−0.4
	Asian	6.4%	5.6%	5.4%	5.5%	5.5%	6.5%	1.0	0.1
Age	16-24	4.1%	3.8%	4.0%	4.2%	4.0%	3.8%	−0.2	−0.3
	25-34	6.5%	6.8%	6.6%	6.0%	6.5%	6.5%	0.0	0.0
	35-44	7.8%	7.4%	7.4%	7.1%	6.9%	7.2%	0.3	−0.6
	45-54	8.2%	8.7%	8.2%	8.0%	8.2%	7.8%	−0.3	−0.4
	55-64	8.9%	8.9%	8.3%	8.6%	8.5%	8.1%	−0.4	−0.8
	65 & up	6.6%	6.4%	6.4%	6.5%	6.7%	6.7%	−0.1	0.0
Membership (%)
	All	6.3%	6.4%	6.1%	6.0%	6.0%	6.0%	−0.1	−0.3
Gender	Male	7.6%	7.6%	7.2%	7.1%	7.1%	7.0%	−0.1	−0.6
	Female	4.7%	5.0%	4.8%	4.7%	4.8%	4.7%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	6.2%	6.3%	6.1%	5.9%	5.8%	5.8%	0.0	−0.5
	Black	7.4%	7.6%	7.0%	7.2%	7.7%	7.8%	0.1	0.4
	Hispanic	5.8%	6.5%	6.0%	5.7%	6.0%	5.5%	−0.5	−0.3
	AAPI	5.7%	5.1%	4.7%	5.2%	5.0%	5.6%	0.6	0.0
	Other	6.4%	5.5%	5.5%	6.3%	4.8%	6.1%	1.3	−0.3
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.1%	6.3%	6.1%	5.8%	5.8%	5.6%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	7.6%	7.7%	7.1%	7.4%	7.7%	7.9%	0.3	0.4
	Hispanic	5.8%	6.5%	6.0%	5.7%	6.0%	5.5%	−0.5	−0.3
	Asian	5.3%	4.9%	4.5%	5.0%	4.7%	5.5%	0.8	0.1
Age	16-24	3.4%	3.2%	3.2%	3.5%	3.3%	3.1%	−0.2	−0.3
	25-34	5.4%	6.0%	5.7%	5.3%	5.6%	5.6%	0.1	0.3
	35-44	6.9%	6.6%	6.5%	6.2%	6.1%	6.3%	0.1	−0.7
	45-54	7.4%	7.7%	7.4%	7.1%	7.2%	7.0%	−0.2	−0.3
	55-64	8.1%	8.1%	7.4%	7.8%	7.7%	7.4%	−0.3	−0.7
	65 & up	5.8%	5.5%	5.7%	5.8%	5.9%	5.9%	−0.1	0.0
Coverage
	All	8,589,000	8,023,000	8,020,000	8,143,000	8,393,000	8,296,000	−98,000	−293,000
Gender	Male	5,469,000	5,048,000	5,001,000	5,062,000	5,220,000	5,114,000	−106,000	−355,000
	Female	3,120,000	2,975,000	3,019,000	3,081,000	3,173,000	3,182,000	8,000	62,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	5,107,000	4,804,000	4,794,000	4,765,000	4,764,000	4,619,000	−145,000	−488,000
	Black	1,247,000	1,193,000	1,100,000	1,189,000	1,332,000	1,333,000	1,000	87,000
	Hispanic	1,548,000	1,481,000	1,561,000	1,550,000	1,657,000	1,608,000	−50,000	59,000
	AAPI	596,000	480,000	500,000	550,000	573,000	657,000	83,000	61,000
	Other	91,000	64,000	66,000	89,000	66,000	79,000	13,000	−11,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6,444,000	6,098,000	6,148,000	6,086,000	6,216,000	5,979,000	−237,000	−465,000
	Black	1,314,000	1,224,000	1,118,000	1,242,000	1,361,000	1,388,000	26,000	74,000
	Hispanic	1,548,000	1,481,000	1,561,000	1,550,000	1,657,000	1,608,000	−50,000	59,000
	Asian	524,000	422,000	436,000	471,000	484,000	586,000	101,000	62,000
Age	16-24	715,000	596,000	679,000	737,000	736,000	668,000	−68,000	−47,000
	25-34	1,910,000	1,850,000	1,862,000	1,719,000	1,893,000	1,886,000	−8,000	−24,000
	35-44	1,958,000	1,752,000	1,807,000	1,829,000	1,820,000	1,958,000	138,000	−1,000
	45-54	1,900,000	1,863,000	1,777,000	1,801,000	1,874,000	1,791,000	−83,000	−109,000
	55-64	1,677,000	1,574,000	1,487,000	1,621,000	1,600,000	1,516,000	−84,000	−161,000
	65 & up	429,000	389,000	408,000	436,000	470,000	477,000	7,000	48,000
Membership
	All	7,544,000	7,094,000	7,024,000	7,206,000	7,394,000	7,314,000	−80,000	−230,000
Gender	Male	4,881,000	4,524,000	4,446,000	4,583,000	4,665,000	4,605,000	−61,000	−277,000
	Female	2,663,000	2,571,000	2,577,000	2,623,000	2,729,000	2,709,000	−19,000	46,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	4,555,000	4,257,000	4,238,000	4,224,000	4,194,000	4,110,000	−84,000	−445,000
	Black	1,094,000	1,021,000	979,000	1,078,000	1,177,000	1,199,000	21,000	104,000
	Hispanic	1,312,000	1,342,000	1,333,000	1,338,000	1,473,000	1,373,000	−100,000	61,000
	AAPI	505,000	417,000	412,000	492,000	491,000	558,000	67,000	53,000
	Other	78,000	57,000	62,000	75,000	59,000	75,000	16,000	−3,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	5,692,000	5,426,000	5,398,000	5,370,000	5,471,000	5,260,000	−211,000	−431,000
	Black	1,139,000	1,049,000	993,000	1,121,000	1,205,000	1,243,000	38,000	104,000
	Hispanic	1,312,000	1,342,000	1,333,000	1,338,000	1,473,000	1,373,000	−100,000	61,000
	Asian	438,000	365,000	363,000	423,000	414,000	492,000	77,000	53,000
Age	16-24	598,000	500,000	535,000	610,000	613,000	555,000	−58,000	−43,000
	25-34	1,587,000	1,622,000	1,611,000	1,517,000	1,633,000	1,639,000	7,000	52,000
	35-44	1,747,000	1,554,000	1,584,000	1,609,000	1,626,000	1,708,000	82,000	−39,000
	45-54	1,707,000	1,650,000	1,599,000	1,600,000	1,656,000	1,608,000	−48,000	−99,000
	55-64	1,526,000	1,433,000	1,330,000	1,482,000	1,450,000	1,381,000	−69,000	−145,000
	65 & up	379,000	335,000	365,000	389,000	415,000	422,000	7,000	43,000
Total employment
	All	120,693,000	111,357,000	115,523,000	120,364,000	123,029,000	122,846,000	−183,000	2,152,000
Gender	Male	64,364,000	59,808,000	61,838,000	64,453,000	65,765,000	65,489,000	−277,000	1,124,000
	Female	56,329,000	51,549,000	53,685,000	55,911,000	57,264,000	57,357,000	93,000	1,028,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	72,915,000	67,844,000	69,547,000	71,300,000	72,008,000	71,162,000	−847,000	−1,753,000
	Black	14,819,000	13,509,000	13,978,000	14,897,000	15,376,000	15,411,000	35,000	592,000
	Hispanic	22,815,000	20,759,000	22,103,000	23,586,000	24,588,000	25,162,000	574,000	2,347,000
	AAPI	8,922,000	8,213,000	8,751,000	9,384,000	9,829,000	9,891,000	62,000	969,000
	Other	1,222,000	1,033,000	1,145,000	1,197,000	1,228,000	1,220,000	−8,000	−1,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	93,133,000	86,349,000	89,175,000	92,245,000	93,810,000	93,343,000	−468,000	209,000
	Black	15,010,000	13,593,000	14,066,000	15,060,000	15,658,000	15,638,000	−20,000	628,000
	Hispanic	22,815,000	20,759,000	22,103,000	23,586,000	24,588,000	25,162,000	574,000	2,347,000
	Asian	8,216,000	7,517,000	8,073,000	8,527,000	8,839,000	9,023,000	183,000	807,000
Age	16-24	17,456,000	15,505,000	16,935,000	17,551,000	18,435,000	17,729,000	−706,000	274,000
	25-34	29,482,000	27,145,000	28,075,000	28,779,000	29,264,000	29,047,000	−218,000	−435,000
	35-44	25,153,000	23,561,000	24,469,000	25,897,000	26,505,000	27,231,000	726,000	2,078,000
	45-54	23,193,000	21,441,000	21,656,000	22,569,000	22,969,000	22,896,000	−73,000	−297,000
	55-64	18,924,000	17,650,000	18,010,000	18,912,000	18,870,000	18,779,000	−91,000	−145,000
	65 & up	6,486,000	6,056,000	6,379,000	6,657,000	6,986,000	7,164,000	178,000	678,000
Sample size
	All	141,785	122,244	123,360	119,494	115,355	115,201
Gender	Male	72,077	62,394	63,049	61,126	58,809	58,772
	Female	69,708	59,850	60,311	58,368	56,546	56,429
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	95,811	83,896	82,765	78,893	75,502	74,718
	Black	14,239	12,057	12,528	12,183	11,597	11,195
	Hispanic	20,530	16,751	18,008	18,144	18,308	19,139
	AAPI	9,363	8,059	8,512	8,785	8,495	8,701
	Other	1,842	1,481	1,547	1,489	1,453	1,448
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	114,529	99,177	99,062	95,304	92,150	92,041
	Black	14,227	12,017	12,540	12,193	11,614	11,238
	Hispanic	20,530	16,751	18,008	18,144	18,308	19,139
	Asian	8,269	7,142	7,601	7,691	7,351	7,680
Age	16-24	17,197	13,869	14,862	14,256	13,932	13,869
	25-34	31,223	26,150	26,976	26,179	24,952	24,824
	35-44	30,258	26,673	26,962	26,378	25,435	25,816
	45-54	28,846	25,068	24,750	23,714	23,000	22,817
	55-64	25,203	22,307	21,657	20,821	19,854	19,487
	65 & up	9,058	8,177	8,153	8,146	8,182	8,388
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.59, https://microdata.epi.org.