		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Change
Table 4a: Union membership and union coverage within the private sector, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2023
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2023-2022	2023-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	7.1%	7.2%	7.0%	6.8%	6.8%	0.1	−0.2
Gender	Male	8.5%	8.4%	8.1%	7.9%	7.9%	0.1	−0.5
Gender	Female	5.5%	5.8%	5.6%	5.5%	5.6%	0.1	0.1
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	7.0%	7.0%	6.9%	6.7%	6.6%	−0.1	−0.4
	Black	8.2%	8.8%	7.9%	8.0%	8.7%	0.7	0.5
	Hispanic	6.9%	7.2%	7.0%	6.7%	6.8%	0.2	−0.1
	AAPI	6.6%	5.8%	5.8%	6.0%	6.0%	0.0	−0.6
	Other	7.3%	6.1%	5.6%	7.1%	5.3%	−1.8	−1.9
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.9%	7.0%	6.9%	6.6%	6.6%	0.1	−0.3
	Black	8.6%	9.0%	8.0%	8.3%	8.7%	0.4	0.1
	Hispanic	6.9%	7.2%	7.0%	6.7%	6.8%	0.2	−0.1
	Asian	6.3%	5.7%	5.5%	5.7%	5.6%	0.0	−0.7
Age	16-24	4.0%	3.9%	4.0%	4.2%	4.0%	−0.2	0.0
	25-34	6.4%	6.7%	6.7%	6.1%	6.5%	0.5	0.1
	35-44	7.8%	7.5%	7.4%	7.1%	6.9%	−0.2	−0.9
	45-54	8.2%	8.7%	8.2%	7.9%	8.1%	0.1	−0.1
	55-64	8.9%	8.9%	8.2%	8.6%	8.6%	0.0	−0.3
	65 & up	6.5%	6.4%	6.2%	6.6%	6.6%	0.1	0.1
Membership (%)
	All	6.2%	6.3%	6.1%	6.0%	6.0%	0.0	−0.2
Gender	Male	7.5%	7.5%	7.2%	7.1%	7.1%	0.0	−0.4
Gender	Female	4.7%	5.0%	4.7%	4.7%	4.8%	0.1	0.1
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	6.2%	6.2%	6.1%	5.9%	5.8%	−0.1	−0.4
	Black	7.2%	7.5%	7.0%	7.3%	7.7%	0.5	0.5
	Hispanic	5.9%	6.5%	6.0%	5.7%	6.0%	0.3	0.2
	AAPI	5.6%	5.1%	4.8%	5.4%	5.1%	−0.3	−0.5
	Other	6.3%	5.4%	5.2%	6.0%	4.7%	−1.3	−1.6
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6.1%	6.3%	6.0%	5.8%	5.8%	0.0	−0.3
	Black	7.5%	7.7%	7.0%	7.5%	7.8%	0.3	0.3
	Hispanic	5.9%	6.5%	6.0%	5.7%	6.0%	0.3	0.2
	Asian	5.3%	4.9%	4.6%	5.1%	4.8%	−0.3	−0.5
Age	16-24	3.4%	3.3%	3.1%	3.5%	3.3%	−0.1	−0.1
	25-34	5.3%	5.9%	5.8%	5.3%	5.7%	0.3	0.3
	35-44	7.0%	6.6%	6.5%	6.2%	6.1%	−0.1	−0.8
	45-54	7.3%	7.7%	7.4%	7.0%	7.2%	0.1	−0.2
	55-64	8.0%	8.1%	7.3%	7.8%	7.8%	−0.1	−0.3
	65 & up	5.7%	5.6%	5.5%	5.9%	5.8%	−0.1	0.1
Coverage
	All	8,562,000	8,021,000	8,050,000	8,164,000	8,424,000	260,000	−138,000
Gender	Male	5,451,000	5,032,000	5,035,000	5,081,000	5,220,000	139,000	−231,000
Gender	Female	3,111,000	2,989,000	3,015,000	3,083,000	3,204,000	121,000	93,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	5,095,000	4,782,000	4,811,000	4,745,000	4,750,000	5,000	−345,000
	Black	1,216,000	1,185,000	1,112,000	1,196,000	1,343,000	147,000	127,000
	Hispanic	1,573,000	1,509,000	1,556,000	1,575,000	1,673,000	98,000	100,000
	AAPI	589,000	481,000	507,000	562,000	592,000	30,000	2,000
	Other	89,000	64,000	65,000	85,000	66,000	−19,000	−23,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	6,441,000	6,091,000	6,157,000	6,078,000	6,223,000	145,000	−218,000
	Black	1,289,000	1,218,000	1,133,000	1,252,000	1,369,000	118,000	80,000
	Hispanic	1,573,000	1,509,000	1,556,000	1,575,000	1,673,000	98,000	100,000
	Asian	519,000	427,000	441,000	482,000	498,000	16,000	−22,000
Age	16-24	703,000	604,000	677,000	729,000	736,000	7,000	33,000
	25-34	1,898,000	1,819,000	1,883,000	1,740,000	1,914,000	174,000	16,000
	35-44	1,966,000	1,762,000	1,818,000	1,844,000	1,836,000	−8,000	−129,000
	45-54	1,892,000	1,869,000	1,793,000	1,792,000	1,856,000	64,000	−35,000
	55-64	1,680,000	1,576,000	1,482,000	1,621,000	1,619,000	−2,000	−61,000
	65 & up	424,000	391,000	397,000	437,000	462,000	25,000	38,000
Membership
	All	7,508,000	7,082,000	7,026,000	7,219,000	7,408,000	189,000	−100,000
Gender	Male	4,850,000	4,509,000	4,471,000	4,594,000	4,657,000	63,000	−193,000
Gender	Female	2,658,000	2,573,000	2,555,000	2,625,000	2,751,000	126,000	93,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	4,528,000	4,236,000	4,244,000	4,207,000	4,176,000	−31,000	−352,000
	Black	1,067,000	1,019,000	974,000	1,082,000	1,193,000	111,000	126,000
	Hispanic	1,337,000	1,352,000	1,328,000	1,355,000	1,478,000	124,000	141,000
	AAPI	498,000	420,000	419,000	504,000	502,000	−1,000	4,000
	Other	77,000	56,000	60,000	72,000	59,000	−13,000	−19,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	5,671,000	5,409,000	5,395,000	5,358,000	5,462,000	104,000	−209,000
	Black	1,120,000	1,046,000	992,000	1,126,000	1,218,000	93,000	98,000
	Hispanic	1,337,000	1,352,000	1,328,000	1,355,000	1,478,000	124,000	141,000
	Asian	434,000	373,000	368,000	434,000	422,000	−12,000	−12,000
Age	16-24	590,000	510,000	532,000	607,000	610,000	3,000	20,000
	25-34	1,575,000	1,593,000	1,618,000	1,528,000	1,654,000	126,000	79,000
	35-44	1,753,000	1,563,000	1,591,000	1,620,000	1,628,000	9,000	−124,000
	45-54	1,697,000	1,651,000	1,614,000	1,591,000	1,645,000	54,000	−52,000
	55-64	1,520,000	1,426,000	1,321,000	1,480,000	1,465,000	−15,000	−55,000
	65 & up	373,000	339,000	350,000	393,000	405,000	12,000	32,000
Total employment
	All	120,755,000	111,587,000	115,807,000	120,400,000	122,994,000	2,594,000	2,239,000
Gender	Male	64,383,000	59,911,000	61,960,000	64,485,000	65,746,000	1,261,000	1,363,000
Gender	Female	56,372,000	51,676,000	53,847,000	55,915,000	57,248,000	1,333,000	876,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	72,958,000	67,937,000	69,720,000	71,289,000	71,941,000	652,000	−1,017,000
	Black	14,792,000	13,517,000	14,007,000	14,904,000	15,397,000	492,000	605,000
	Hispanic	22,833,000	20,839,000	22,160,000	23,628,000	24,532,000	903,000	1,699,000
	AAPI	8,948,000	8,251,000	8,763,000	9,386,000	9,889,000	503,000	941,000
	Other	1,225,000	1,043,000	1,157,000	1,193,000	1,236,000	43,000	11,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	93,189,000	86,478,000	89,389,000	92,268,000	93,692,000	1,424,000	504,000
	Black	14,997,000	13,605,000	14,126,000	15,079,000	15,663,000	584,000	665,000
	Hispanic	22,833,000	20,839,000	22,160,000	23,628,000	24,532,000	903,000	1,699,000
	Asian	8,229,000	7,553,000	8,077,000	8,529,000	8,882,000	353,000	653,000
Age	16-24	17,433,000	15,574,000	16,939,000	17,514,000	18,399,000	885,000	966,000
	25-34	29,535,000	27,205,000	28,120,000	28,740,000	29,229,000	489,000	−307,000
	35-44	25,185,000	23,606,000	24,573,000	25,946,000	26,503,000	556,000	1,317,000
	45-54	23,156,000	21,479,000	21,738,000	22,596,000	22,974,000	379,000	−182,000
	55-64	18,941,000	17,652,000	18,049,000	18,931,000	18,897,000	−34,000	−44,000
	65 & up	6,504,000	6,071,000	6,387,000	6,673,000	6,992,000	319,000	488,000
Sample size
	All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714	125,755
Gender	Male	78,633	68,252	68,586	66,361	64,079
Gender	Female	76,094	65,419	65,591	63,353	61,676
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	104,491	91,644	89,917	85,487	82,151
	Black	15,570	13,234	13,657	13,218	12,696
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031
	AAPI	10,236	8,842	9,293	9,512	9,276
	Other	2,003	1,620	1,669	1,615	1,601
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	124,948	108,361	107,668	103,483	100,355
	Black	15,566	13,181	13,689	13,247	12,710
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031
	Asian	9,027	7,833	8,295	8,338	8,042
Age	16-24	18,696	15,210	16,139	15,440	15,174
	25-34	34,093	28,809	29,376	28,324	27,207
	35-44	33,172	29,094	29,390	28,632	27,722
	45-54	31,451	27,351	26,859	25,785	25,084
	55-64	27,428	24,275	23,513	22,638	21,606
	65 & up	9,887	8,932	8,900	8,895	8,962
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2020. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.47, https://microdata.epi.org.