Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, January to September, 2019 to 2022
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	Change
						2022-2021	2022-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	11.6%	12.2%	11.6%	11.3%	−0.3	−0.3
Gender	Male	12.0%	12.4%	11.9%	11.5%	−0.4	−0.4
	Female	11.1%	11.9%	11.3%	11.0%	−0.3	−0.1
Race/ethnicity	White	12.0%	12.5%	12.0%	11.7%	−0.3	−0.3
	Black	12.4%	13.7%	13.0%	12.6%	−0.3	0.3
	Hispanic	9.8%	11.0%	10.5%	9.9%	−0.6	0.1
	Asian	10.7%	10.3%	9.3%	9.4%	0.1	−1.3
	Other	11.0%	8.8%	8.5%	10.1%	1.6	−0.9
Age	16-24	5.4%	5.0%	5.3%	5.1%	−0.3	−0.4
	25-34	10.2%	11.4%	10.4%	9.8%	−0.6	−0.4
	35-44	13.0%	13.4%	13.0%	12.4%	−0.6	−0.5
	45-54	14.1%	14.9%	14.6%	14.2%	−0.3	0.2
	55-64	13.9%	14.6%	13.8%	13.5%	−0.3	−0.5
	65 & up	10.7%	10.0%	9.8%	10.9%	1.0	0.2
Membership (%)
	All	10.3%	10.9%	10.4%	10.1%	−0.2	−0.2
Gender	Male	10.8%	11.2%	10.7%	10.6%	−0.1	−0.2
	Female	9.8%	10.6%	10.0%	9.6%	−0.4	−0.2
Race/ethnicity	White	10.8%	11.1%	10.7%	10.4%	−0.3	−0.3
	Black	11.0%	12.1%	11.7%	11.6%	−0.1	0.6
	Hispanic	8.6%	10.0%	9.2%	8.8%	−0.4	0.2
	Asian	9.5%	9.2%	7.9%	8.6%	0.6	−0.9
	Other	9.8%	7.5%	7.9%	8.0%	0.1	−1.8
Age	16-24	4.6%	4.3%	4.3%	4.3%	0.0	−0.3
	25-34	8.8%	10.1%	9.2%	8.8%	−0.5	0.0
	35-44	11.7%	12.1%	11.6%	11.2%	−0.4	−0.5
	45-54	12.7%	13.4%	13.3%	12.8%	−0.4	0.1
	55-64	12.7%	13.1%	12.3%	12.3%	−0.1	−0.4
	65 & up	9.8%	8.7%	8.9%	9.6%	0.8	−0.1
Coverage
	All	16,344,000	16,005,000	15,770,000	15,980,000	209,000	−365,000
Gender	Male	8,790,000	8,481,000	8,398,000	8,501,000	103,000	−289,000
	Female	7,554,000	7,525,000	7,372,000	7,479,000	107,000	−76,000
Race/ethnicity	White	10,410,000	10,075,000	9,941,000	9,921,000	−20,000	−488,000
	Black	2,215,000	2,274,000	2,211,000	2,312,000	100,000	96,000
	Hispanic	2,478,000	2,582,000	2,577,000	2,604,000	27,000	127,000
	Asian	1,070,000	956,000	918,000	991,000	74,000	−79,000
	Other	171,000	118,000	123,000	151,000	28,000	−20,000
Age	16-24	1,027,000	831,000	961,000	953,000	−9,000	−74,000
	25-34	3,425,000	3,557,000	3,348,000	3,249,000	−98,000	−175,000
	35-44	3,857,000	3,793,000	3,783,000	3,845,000	62,000	−13,000
	45-54	3,968,000	3,925,000	3,890,000	3,952,000	61,000	−16,000
	55-64	3,230,000	3,173,000	3,050,000	3,121,000	71,000	−109,000
	65 & up	838,000	726,000	738,000	860,000	122,000	22,000
Membership
	All	14,564,000	14,304,000	14,034,000	14,316,000	282,000	−248,000
Gender	Male	7,905,000	7,634,000	7,536,000	7,786,000	250,000	−118,000
	Female	6,659,000	6,670,000	6,498,000	6,529,000	32,000	−130,000
Race/ethnicity	White	9,323,000	9,007,000	8,881,000	8,864,000	−17,000	−459,000
	Black	1,968,000	2,009,000	1,994,000	2,115,000	121,000	146,000
	Hispanic	2,168,000	2,332,000	2,262,000	2,311,000	49,000	143,000
	Asian	951,000	854,000	782,000	906,000	123,000	−45,000
	Other	154,000	101,000	115,000	120,000	5,000	−33,000
Age	16-24	870,000	713,000	768,000	810,000	42,000	−61,000
	25-34	2,944,000	3,163,000	2,967,000	2,896,000	−71,000	−48,000
	35-44	3,473,000	3,431,000	3,366,000	3,454,000	87,000	−19,000
	45-54	3,575,000	3,517,000	3,537,000	3,556,000	19,000	−19,000
	55-64	2,938,000	2,846,000	2,732,000	2,840,000	108,000	−98,000
	65 & up	764,000	634,000	665,000	760,000	96,000	−3,000
Total employment
	All	141,426,000	131,476,000	135,545,000	141,542,000	5,996,000	116,000
Gender	Male	73,297,000	68,443,000	70,354,000	73,646,000	3,292,000	349,000
	Female	68,129,000	63,033,000	65,191,000	67,895,000	2,705,000	−233,000
Race/ethnicity	White	86,586,000	80,905,000	82,671,000	84,909,000	2,238,000	−1,676,000
	Black	17,936,000	16,575,000	17,024,000	18,283,000	1,258,000	346,000
	Hispanic	25,303,000	23,373,000	24,555,000	26,286,000	1,731,000	983,000
	Asian	10,039,000	9,274,000	9,845,000	10,566,000	721,000	527,000
	Other	1,562,000	1,348,000	1,451,000	1,499,000	48,000	−63,000
Age	16-24	18,913,000	16,490,000	18,035,000	18,855,000	820,000	−58,000
	25-34	33,562,000	31,262,000	32,105,000	33,007,000	901,000	−555,000
	35-44	29,767,000	28,407,000	29,056,000	30,910,000	1,855,000	1,143,000
	45-54	28,205,000	26,257,000	26,690,000	27,733,000	1,043,000	−472,000
	55-64	23,158,000	21,800,000	22,160,000	23,138,000	978,000	−20,000
	65 & up	7,820,000	7,259,000	7,498,000	7,898,000	400,000	78,000
Sample size
	All	116,000	99,000	101,000	98,000	−3,000	−18,000
Gender	Male	59,000	51,000	52,000	50,000	−2,000	−9,000
	Female	57,000	48,000	50,000	48,000	−2,000	−9,000
Race/ethnicity	White	78,000	68,000	68,000	65,000	−3,000	−13,000
	Black	12,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	0	−2,000
	Hispanic	17,000	13,000	15,000	15,000	0	−2,000
	Asian	8,000	7,000	7,000	7,000	0	−1,000
	Other	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0	0
Age	16-24	14,000	11,000	12,000	12,000	0	−2,000
	25-34	25,000	21,000	22,000	22,000	−1,000	−4,000
	35-44	25,000	22,000	22,000	22,000	0	−3,000
	45-54	24,000	20,000	20,000	19,000	−1,000	−4,000
	55-64	21,000	18,000	18,000	17,000	−1,000	−4,000
	65 & up	7,000	7,000	7,000	7,000	0	−1,000
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes. These potential errors are, by definition, larger for less than full-year estimates.
** The race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute (EPI) analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Extracts, EPI Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.32 (2022), https://microdata.epi.org.