Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, 11-months ending November, 2019 to 2024
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Change
								2024-2023	2024-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	11.2%	11.1%	−0.1	−0.5
Gender	Male	12.1%	12.3%	11.9%	11.6%	11.6%	11.3%	−0.3	−0.7
	Female	11.0%	11.8%	11.2%	10.9%	10.7%	10.8%	0.1	−0.3
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	12.0%	12.3%	12.0%	11.6%	11.4%	11.2%	−0.2	−0.8
	Black	12.4%	13.7%	12.7%	12.6%	13.1%	13.0%	−0.1	0.6
	Hispanic	10.0%	11.0%	10.4%	9.9%	10.0%	9.7%	−0.2	−0.3
	AAPI	10.5%	10.2%	9.3%	9.7%	9.5%	10.3%	0.8	−0.3
	Other	10.8%	9.1%	9.3%	10.2%	8.8%	9.7%	0.9	−1.1
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	11.6%	12.0%	11.6%	11.2%	11.1%	10.8%	−0.3	−0.7
	Black	12.8%	14.0%	12.8%	12.7%	13.0%	13.1%	0.0	0.3
	Hispanic	10.0%	11.0%	10.4%	9.9%	10.0%	9.7%	−0.2	−0.3
	Asian	10.0%	9.8%	8.8%	9.2%	8.8%	10.0%	1.1	0.0
Age	16-24	5.3%	5.1%	5.2%	5.2%	5.1%	5.4%	0.3	0.1
	25-34	10.3%	11.2%	10.6%	10.0%	10.1%	9.9%	−0.2	−0.4
	35-44	13.1%	13.4%	12.8%	12.4%	12.3%	12.3%	−0.1	−0.8
	45-54	13.9%	14.7%	14.4%	14.1%	14.1%	13.7%	−0.5	−0.2
	55-64	14.0%	14.6%	13.7%	13.4%	13.3%	12.9%	−0.4	−1.1
	65 & up	10.9%	10.0%	9.8%	10.5%	10.0%	10.2%	0.3	−0.7
Membership (%)
	All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	9.9%	−0.1	−0.5
Gender	Male	10.9%	11.1%	10.6%	10.5%	10.5%	10.2%	−0.2	−0.6
	Female	9.7%	10.5%	9.9%	9.6%	9.5%	9.5%	0.0	−0.2
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10.7%	11.0%	10.7%	10.4%	10.2%	10.0%	−0.1	−0.7
	Black	11.1%	12.1%	11.5%	11.4%	11.8%	11.6%	−0.2	0.6
	Hispanic	8.7%	9.9%	9.0%	8.7%	9.0%	8.6%	−0.4	−0.1
	AAPI	9.3%	9.1%	8.0%	8.8%	8.3%	9.0%	0.7	−0.3
	Other	9.6%	8.0%	8.9%	8.3%	8.1%	9.3%	1.2	−0.3
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.0%	9.8%	9.6%	−0.2	−0.7
	Black	11.3%	12.4%	11.5%	11.5%	11.7%	11.8%	0.0	0.5
	Hispanic	8.7%	9.9%	9.0%	8.7%	9.0%	8.6%	−0.4	−0.1
	Asian	8.8%	8.8%	7.6%	8.3%	7.7%	8.7%	1.0	−0.1
Age	16-24	4.5%	4.3%	4.2%	4.4%	4.3%	4.4%	0.0	−0.1
	25-34	8.8%	9.9%	9.4%	8.9%	8.8%	8.8%	0.0	−0.1
	35-44	11.8%	12.2%	11.4%	11.2%	11.1%	10.9%	−0.2	−0.9
	45-54	12.6%	13.2%	13.1%	12.7%	12.7%	12.4%	−0.3	−0.1
	55-64	12.7%	13.1%	12.2%	12.1%	12.0%	11.7%	−0.3	−1.0
	65 & up	9.8%	8.7%	8.8%	9.3%	8.9%	9.1%	0.1	−0.8
Coverage
	All	16,405,000	15,938,000	15,741,000	15,987,000	16,180,000	15,995,000	−186,000	−410,000
Gender	Male	8,862,000	8,443,000	8,377,000	8,548,000	8,733,000	8,484,000	−249,000	−378,000
	Female	7,543,000	7,494,000	7,364,000	7,438,000	7,447,000	7,511,000	63,000	−32,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10,390,000	9,988,000	9,940,000	9,887,000	9,776,000	9,478,000	−298,000	−912,000
	Black	2,236,000	2,279,000	2,178,000	2,298,000	2,473,000	2,462,000	−12,000	226,000
	Hispanic	2,545,000	2,588,000	2,563,000	2,613,000	2,731,000	2,754,000	22,000	209,000
	AAPI	1,066,000	960,000	922,000	1,033,000	1,064,000	1,150,000	86,000	83,000
	Other	167,000	123,000	137,000	155,000	136,000	151,000	16,000	−16,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	12,604,000	12,235,000	12,145,000	12,127,000	12,146,000	11,824,000	−322,000	−780,000
	Black	2,328,000	2,337,000	2,208,000	2,355,000	2,501,000	2,506,000	5,000	178,000
	Hispanic	2,545,000	2,588,000	2,563,000	2,613,000	2,731,000	2,754,000	22,000	209,000
	Asian	931,000	838,000	799,000	878,000	886,000	1,014,000	128,000	83,000
Age	16-24	992,000	846,000	942,000	975,000	1,013,000	1,034,000	20,000	41,000
	25-34	3,468,000	3,501,000	3,410,000	3,311,000	3,387,000	3,317,000	−70,000	−151,000
	35-44	3,904,000	3,818,000	3,729,000	3,839,000	3,915,000	3,979,000	64,000	76,000
	45-54	3,923,000	3,862,000	3,872,000	3,921,000	3,983,000	3,837,000	−146,000	−87,000
	55-64	3,259,000	3,181,000	3,041,000	3,099,000	3,054,000	2,944,000	−111,000	−315,000
	65 & up	858,000	729,000	747,000	842,000	827,000	884,000	57,000	27,000
Membership
	All	14,606,000	14,268,000	13,990,000	14,274,000	14,432,000	14,246,000	−186,000	−360,000
Gender	Male	7,972,000	7,598,000	7,495,000	7,765,000	7,860,000	7,649,000	−211,000	−322,000
	Female	6,635,000	6,671,000	6,495,000	6,508,000	6,571,000	6,597,000	25,000	−38,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	9,309,000	8,956,000	8,861,000	8,821,000	8,684,000	8,468,000	−217,000	−841,000
	Black	1,995,000	2,013,000	1,973,000	2,090,000	2,236,000	2,205,000	−31,000	210,000
	Hispanic	2,213,000	2,333,000	2,232,000	2,302,000	2,458,000	2,421,000	−37,000	208,000
	AAPI	941,000	858,000	793,000	935,000	928,000	1,008,000	80,000	67,000
	Other	149,000	108,000	130,000	126,000	125,000	145,000	20,000	−4,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	11,243,000	10,976,000	10,788,000	10,803,000	10,806,000	10,514,000	−292,000	−729,000
	Black	2,059,000	2,067,000	1,996,000	2,134,000	2,252,000	2,253,000	1,000	194,000
	Hispanic	2,213,000	2,333,000	2,232,000	2,302,000	2,458,000	2,421,000	−37,000	208,000
	Asian	816,000	748,000	688,000	793,000	774,000	882,000	108,000	66,000
Age	16-24	843,000	722,000	751,000	823,000	861,000	838,000	−23,000	−5,000
	25-34	2,978,000	3,113,000	3,021,000	2,934,000	2,966,000	2,934,000	−32,000	−44,000
	35-44	3,517,000	3,458,000	3,314,000	3,450,000	3,522,000	3,537,000	15,000	20,000
	45-54	3,544,000	3,477,000	3,516,000	3,523,000	3,589,000	3,487,000	−101,000	−56,000
	55-64	2,953,000	2,858,000	2,717,000	2,804,000	2,754,000	2,666,000	−88,000	−287,000
	65 & up	771,000	639,000	670,000	740,000	741,000	783,000	43,000	12,000
Total employment
	All	141,702,000	132,008,000	136,135,000	141,640,000	144,599,000	144,543,000	−56,000	2,841,000
Gender	Male	73,378,000	68,649,000	70,649,000	73,675,000	75,116,000	74,816,000	−300,000	1,438,000
	Female	68,323,000	63,359,000	65,487,000	67,965,000	69,483,000	69,726,000	244,000	1,403,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	86,616,000	81,115,000	82,875,000	84,892,000	85,523,000	84,593,000	−930,000	−2,023,000
	Black	18,005,000	16,616,000	17,176,000	18,282,000	18,903,000	18,943,000	41,000	938,000
	Hispanic	25,397,000	23,543,000	24,687,000	26,334,000	27,431,000	28,242,000	812,000	2,845,000
	AAPI	10,131,000	9,381,000	9,928,000	10,610,000	11,199,000	11,208,000	9,000	1,077,000
	Other	1,553,000	1,352,000	1,468,000	1,521,000	1,544,000	1,556,000	12,000	4,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	109,123,000	102,061,000	104,749,000	108,226,000	109,822,000	109,475,000	−347,000	352,000
	Black	18,214,000	16,715,000	17,293,000	18,487,000	19,176,000	19,165,000	−11,000	951,000
	Hispanic	25,397,000	23,543,000	24,687,000	26,334,000	27,431,000	28,242,000	812,000	2,845,000
	Asian	9,290,000	8,541,000	9,097,000	9,597,000	10,013,000	10,156,000	143,000	865,000
Age	16-24	18,895,000	16,700,000	18,080,000	18,833,000	19,798,000	19,220,000	−578,000	325,000
	25-34	33,676,000	31,383,000	32,278,000	33,032,000	33,585,000	33,398,000	−188,000	−278,000
	35-44	29,872,000	28,463,000	29,188,000	30,934,000	31,713,000	32,395,000	682,000	2,523,000
	45-54	28,214,000	26,313,000	26,796,000	27,732,000	28,197,000	28,091,000	−106,000	−123,000
	55-64	23,201,000	21,842,000	22,210,000	23,123,000	22,992,000	22,792,000	−200,000	−409,000
	65 & up	7,844,000	7,307,000	7,584,000	7,986,000	8,313,000	8,647,000	334,000	803,000
Sample size
	All	141,785	122,244	123,360	119,494	115,355	115,201
Gender	Male	72,077	62,394	63,049	61,126	58,809	58,772
	Female	69,708	59,850	60,311	58,368	56,546	56,429
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	95,811	83,896	82,765	78,893	75,502	74,718
	Black	14,239	12,057	12,528	12,183	11,597	11,195
	Hispanic	20,530	16,751	18,008	18,144	18,308	19,139
	AAPI	9,363	8,059	8,512	8,785	8,495	8,701
	Other	1,842	1,481	1,547	1,489	1,453	1,448
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	114,529	99,177	99,062	95,304	92,150	92,041
	Black	14,227	12,017	12,540	12,193	11,614	11,238
	Hispanic	20,530	16,751	18,008	18,144	18,308	19,139
	Asian	8,269	7,142	7,601	7,691	7,351	7,680
Age	16-24	17,197	13,869	14,862	14,256	13,932	13,869
	25-34	31,223	26,150	26,976	26,179	24,952	24,824
	35-44	30,258	26,673	26,962	26,378	25,435	25,816
	45-54	28,846	25,068	24,750	23,714	23,000	22,817
	55-64	25,203	22,307	21,657	20,821	19,854	19,487
	65 & up	9,058	8,177	8,153	8,146	8,182	8,388
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.59, https://microdata.epi.org.