Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, 12-months ending March, 2019 to 2023
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Change
							2023-2022	2023-2019
Coverage (%)
all	All	11.8%	11.6%	12.1%	11.4%	11.4%	0.0	−0.4
Gender	Male	12.1%	12.1%	12.3%	11.6%	11.8%	0.2	−0.3
	Female	11.4%	11.1%	11.8%	11.2%	10.9%	−0.3	−0.5
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	12.1%	12.0%	12.3%	11.9%	11.6%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	12.9%	12.5%	13.5%	12.5%	12.7%	0.2	−0.2
	Hispanic	10.2%	10.1%	11.1%	10.1%	10.3%	0.2	0.1
	Asian	11.2%	10.2%	10.3%	9.5%	10.2%	0.7	−1.1
	Other	11.0%	10.7%	8.9%	8.7%	9.4%	0.7	−1.6
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	11.7%	11.6%	12.0%	11.4%	11.2%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	12.9%	13.0%	13.7%	12.5%	12.9%	0.4	0.0
	Hispanic	10.2%	10.1%	11.1%	10.1%	10.3%	0.2	0.1
Age	16-24	5.5%	5.0%	5.5%	5.0%	5.4%	0.5	−0.1
	25-34	10.8%	10.3%	10.9%	10.4%	10.2%	−0.1	−0.5
	35-44	13.0%	13.1%	13.5%	12.3%	12.7%	0.4	−0.3
	45-54	14.1%	14.0%	14.5%	14.6%	14.1%	−0.5	0.0
	55-64	14.2%	14.2%	14.5%	13.5%	13.4%	−0.1	−0.8
	65 & up	10.9%	10.6%	10.1%	10.5%	9.9%	−0.6	−1.0
Membership (%)
all	All	10.5%	10.3%	10.8%	10.1%	10.1%	0.0	0.0
Gender	Male	10.9%	10.9%	11.1%	10.4%	10.7%	0.0	0.0
	Female	10.1%	9.8%	10.4%	9.8%	9.6%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10.8%	10.8%	11.0%	10.6%	10.3%	0.0	0.0
	Black	11.5%	11.1%	12.1%	11.1%	11.4%	0.0	0.0
	Hispanic	9.2%	8.8%	9.9%	8.8%	9.1%	0.0	0.0
	Asian	10.0%	9.0%	9.1%	8.3%	9.2%	0.0	0.0
	Other	9.6%	9.6%	8.1%	7.9%	7.9%	0.0	0.0
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	10.4%	10.3%	10.7%	10.2%	10.0%	0.0	0.0
	Black	11.5%	11.4%	12.3%	11.1%	11.5%	0.0	0.0
	Hispanic	9.2%	8.8%	9.9%	8.8%	9.1%	0.0	0.0
Age	16-24	4.7%	4.2%	4.7%	4.0%	4.6%	0.0	0.0
	25-34	9.3%	9.0%	9.7%	9.2%	9.0%	0.0	0.0
	35-44	11.7%	11.8%	12.2%	11.0%	11.4%	0.0	0.0
	45-54	12.7%	12.7%	13.1%	13.1%	12.6%	0.0	0.0
	55-64	12.8%	12.9%	12.9%	12.1%	12.1%	0.0	0.0
	65 & up	9.8%	9.5%	8.9%	9.3%	8.9%	0.0	0.0
Coverage
all	All	4,140,000	16,441,000	15,730,000	15,761,000	16,189,000	428,000	12,049,000
Gender	Male	2,195,000	8,850,000	8,350,000	8,309,000	8,752,000	443,000	6,557,000
	Female	1,945,000	7,591,000	7,379,000	7,453,000	7,437,000	−15,000	5,492,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	2,607,000	10,399,000	9,865,000	9,924,000	9,853,000	−71,000	7,247,000
	Black	572,000	2,261,000	2,201,000	2,189,000	2,344,000	156,000	1,773,000
	Hispanic	640,000	2,586,000	2,584,000	2,551,000	2,744,000	193,000	2,104,000
	Asian	278,000	1,032,000	958,000	969,000	1,099,000	130,000	821,000
	Other	44,000	162,000	121,000	129,000	149,000	20,000	105,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	3,171,000	12,634,000	12,100,000	12,106,000	12,182,000	76,000	9,011,000
	Black	580,000	2,370,000	2,256,000	2,207,000	2,419,000	211,000	1,838,000
	Hispanic	640,000	2,586,000	2,584,000	2,551,000	2,744,000	193,000	2,104,000
Age	16-24	249,000	938,000	905,000	907,000	1,037,000	130,000	788,000
	25-34	902,000	3,493,000	3,386,000	3,374,000	3,395,000	22,000	2,494,000
	35-44	963,000	3,927,000	3,821,000	3,673,000	3,947,000	274,000	2,984,000
	45-54	998,000	3,941,000	3,770,000	3,947,000	3,918,000	−28,000	2,920,000
	55-64	816,000	3,298,000	3,124,000	3,048,000	3,093,000	45,000	2,276,000
	65 & up	212,000	844,000	723,000	813,000	799,000	−14,000	587,000
Membership
all	All	3,692,000	14,663,000	14,039,000	13,996,000	14,422,000	426,000	10,730,000
Gender	Male	1,967,000	7,968,000	7,510,000	7,462,000	7,887,000	426,000	5,920,000
	Female	1,725,000	6,694,000	6,528,000	6,534,000	6,535,000	0	4,810,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	2,322,000	9,335,000	8,805,000	8,864,000	8,782,000	−82,000	6,460,000
	Black	510,000	2,003,000	1,978,000	1,949,000	2,102,000	153,000	1,591,000
	Hispanic	575,000	2,263,000	2,292,000	2,224,000	2,424,000	199,000	1,849,000
	Asian	247,000	916,000	854,000	842,000	990,000	149,000	743,000
	Other	38,000	145,000	109,000	117,000	125,000	8,000	87,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	2,831,000	11,293,000	10,792,000	10,763,000	10,849,000	86,000	8,018,000
	Black	516,000	2,088,000	2,025,000	1,958,000	2,156,000	198,000	1,641,000
	Hispanic	575,000	2,263,000	2,292,000	2,224,000	2,424,000	199,000	1,849,000
Age	16-24	213,000	789,000	772,000	724,000	883,000	159,000	671,000
	25-34	780,000	3,040,000	2,994,000	2,985,000	2,984,000	−1,000	2,204,000
	35-44	867,000	3,534,000	3,456,000	3,284,000	3,542,000	258,000	2,675,000
	45-54	904,000	3,554,000	3,398,000	3,560,000	3,507,000	−53,000	2,603,000
	55-64	737,000	2,995,000	2,777,000	2,724,000	2,788,000	64,000	2,050,000
	65 & up	191,000	751,000	641,000	718,000	717,000	−1,000	526,000
Total employment
all	All	35,108,000	141,900,000	130,468,000	138,103,000	142,377,000	4,274,000	107,269,000
Gender	Male	18,069,000	73,403,000	67,941,000	71,713,000	74,036,000	2,322,000	55,967,000
	Female	17,039,000	68,497,000	62,527,000	66,389,000	68,341,000	1,952,000	51,302,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	21,554,000	86,555,000	80,250,000	83,745,000	84,912,000	1,168,000	63,359,000
	Black	4,430,000	18,066,000	16,343,000	17,509,000	18,446,000	937,000	14,017,000
	Hispanic	6,255,000	25,598,000	23,186,000	25,192,000	26,636,000	1,444,000	20,381,000
	Asian	2,474,000	10,165,000	9,341,000	10,175,000	10,800,000	625,000	8,326,000
	Other	395,000	1,515,000	1,349,000	1,481,000	1,581,000	100,000	1,186,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	27,093,000	109,263,000	100,849,000	106,005,000	108,498,000	2,493,000	81,406,000
	Black	4,485,000	18,273,000	16,424,000	17,666,000	18,747,000	1,081,000	14,262,000
	Hispanic	6,255,000	25,598,000	23,186,000	25,192,000	26,636,000	1,444,000	20,381,000
Age	16-24	4,523,000	18,886,000	16,524,000	18,311,000	19,095,000	784,000	14,571,000
	25-34	8,385,000	33,788,000	30,974,000	32,581,000	33,194,000	613,000	24,809,000
	35-44	7,396,000	29,972,000	28,234,000	29,810,000	31,121,000	1,310,000	23,724,000
	45-54	7,101,000	28,081,000	26,016,000	27,111,000	27,838,000	727,000	20,736,000
	55-64	5,757,000	23,237,000	21,554,000	22,550,000	23,058,000	508,000	17,302,000
	65 & up	1,945,000	7,935,000	7,167,000	7,741,000	8,072,000	331,000	6,127,000
Sample size
all	All	38,841	152,984	130,503	132,787	127,780
Gender	Male	19,559	77,822	66,805	67,890	65,306
	Female	19,282	75,162	63,698	64,897	62,474
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	26,379	103,516	89,313	88,424	84,139
	Black	3,828	15,380	12,963	13,669	12,948
	Hispanic	5,570	22,126	17,870	19,630	19,715
	Asian	2,581	10,018	8,737	9,445	9,354
	Other	483	1,944	1,620	1,619	1,624
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	31,476	123,734	105,532	106,146	102,010
	Black	3,813	15,365	12,935	13,671	13,027
	Hispanic	5,570	22,126	17,870	19,630	19,715
Age	16-24	4,561	18,390	14,947	15,878	15,308
	25-34	8,527	33,697	28,195	29,089	27,786
	35-44	8,300	32,838	28,562	29,256	28,140
	45-54	8,050	30,975	26,628	26,480	25,329
	55-64	6,947	27,142	23,521	23,210	22,398
	65 & up	2,456	9,942	8,650	8,874	8,819
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2020. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.40, https://microdata.epi.org.