Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, January to December, 2019 to 2022
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	Change
						2022-2021	2022-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	−0.3	−0.3
Gender	Male	12.0%	12.3%	11.9%	11.6%	−0.3	−0.4
	Female	11.0%	11.8%	11.3%	10.9%	−0.3	−0.1
Race/ethnicity	White	11.9%	12.3%	12.0%	11.6%	−0.4	−0.3
	Black	12.3%	13.6%	12.8%	12.6%	−0.2	0.3
	Hispanic	10.2%	11.0%	10.3%	10.1%	−0.3	−0.1
	Asian	10.6%	10.3%	9.5%	9.7%	0.2	−0.9
	Other	10.8%	9.1%	9.0%	10.0%	1.0	−0.8
Age	16-24	5.2%	5.1%	5.2%	5.2%	0.0	0.0
	25-34	10.2%	11.0%	10.7%	10.2%	−0.5	−0.1
	35-44	13.1%	13.4%	12.7%	12.4%	−0.4	−0.7
	45-54	13.9%	14.6%	14.5%	14.1%	−0.4	0.2
	55-64	14.0%	14.6%	13.6%	13.4%	−0.3	−0.7
	65 & up	10.9%	10.1%	9.9%	10.4%	0.5	−0.5
Membership (%)
	All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	−0.2	−0.2
Gender	Male	10.8%	11.0%	10.6%	10.5%	−0.1	−0.3
	Female	9.7%	10.5%	9.9%	9.6%	−0.3	−0.1
Race/ethnicity	White	10.7%	11.0%	10.7%	10.4%	−0.3	−0.3
	Black	10.9%	12.1%	11.5%	11.4%	−0.1	0.5
	Hispanic	8.9%	9.8%	9.0%	8.9%	−0.1	0.0
	Asian	9.4%	9.3%	8.2%	8.8%	0.6	−0.6
	Other	9.7%	8.0%	8.4%	8.1%	−0.4	−1.6
Age	16-24	4.4%	4.4%	4.2%	4.4%	0.2	0.0
	25-34	8.8%	9.8%	9.4%	9.0%	−0.4	0.2
	35-44	11.8%	12.2%	11.3%	11.1%	−0.2	−0.7
	45-54	12.5%	13.1%	13.1%	12.6%	−0.5	0.1
	55-64	12.7%	13.1%	12.1%	12.1%	0.0	−0.6
	65 & up	9.8%	8.9%	8.7%	9.2%	0.4	−0.6
Coverage
	All	16,375,000	15,936,000	15,795,000	15,996,000	200,000	−379,000
Gender	Male	8,840,000	8,429,000	8,407,000	8,551,000	144,000	−289,000
	Female	7,535,000	7,507,000	7,388,000	7,445,000	57,000	−90,000
Race/ethnicity	White	10,343,000	9,983,000	9,958,000	9,859,000	−99,000	−484,000
	Black	2,205,000	2,269,000	2,207,000	2,303,000	96,000	98,000
	Hispanic	2,585,000	2,587,000	2,548,000	2,653,000	105,000	68,000
	Asian	1,074,000	974,000	949,000	1,030,000	81,000	−44,000
	Other	168,000	123,000	133,000	151,000	18,000	−16,000
Age	16-24	985,000	858,000	941,000	974,000	33,000	−11,000
	25-34	3,450,000	3,461,000	3,459,000	3,353,000	−106,000	−97,000
	35-44	3,911,000	3,827,000	3,727,000	3,833,000	106,000	−78,000
	45-54	3,910,000	3,849,000	3,886,000	3,910,000	25,000	0
	55-64	3,259,000	3,200,000	3,031,000	3,094,000	62,000	−166,000
	65 & up	860,000	740,000	752,000	832,000	80,000	−28,000
Membership
	All	14,567,000	14,250,000	14,004,000	14,280,000	277,000	−287,000
Gender	Male	7,945,000	7,580,000	7,514,000	7,771,000	257,000	−175,000
	Female	6,621,000	6,670,000	6,490,000	6,510,000	20,000	−112,000
Race/ethnicity	White	9,247,000	8,939,000	8,866,000	8,802,000	−64,000	−446,000
	Black	1,964,000	2,010,000	1,975,000	2,084,000	109,000	120,000
	Hispanic	2,254,000	2,317,000	2,219,000	2,337,000	118,000	83,000
	Asian	950,000	875,000	819,000	935,000	116,000	−15,000
	Other	151,000	109,000	125,000	123,000	−2,000	−28,000
Age	16-24	834,000	733,000	751,000	827,000	76,000	−8,000
	25-34	2,962,000	3,077,000	3,052,000	2,968,000	−84,000	6,000
	35-44	3,523,000	3,468,000	3,310,000	3,444,000	134,000	−79,000
	45-54	3,530,000	3,453,000	3,525,000	3,508,000	−17,000	−23,000
	55-64	2,947,000	2,865,000	2,699,000	2,798,000	100,000	−148,000
	65 & up	770,000	654,000	667,000	736,000	69,000	−34,000
Total employment
	All	141,766,000	132,205,000	136,421,000	141,698,000	5,278,000	−68,000
Gender	Male	73,368,000	68,733,000	70,756,000	73,690,000	2,934,000	322,000
	Female	68,398,000	63,472,000	65,664,000	68,009,000	2,344,000	−390,000
Race/ethnicity	White	86,640,000	81,213,000	83,045,000	84,878,000	1,833,000	−1,762,000
	Black	17,992,000	16,642,000	17,198,000	18,287,000	1,088,000	295,000
	Hispanic	25,423,000	23,567,000	24,727,000	26,394,000	1,666,000	971,000
	Asian	10,157,000	9,429,000	9,968,000	10,622,000	654,000	465,000
	Other	1,554,000	1,355,000	1,482,000	1,518,000	36,000	−36,000
Age	16-24	18,867,000	16,752,000	18,091,000	18,814,000	724,000	−52,000
	25-34	33,728,000	31,446,000	32,356,000	33,030,000	674,000	−698,000
	35-44	29,903,000	28,490,000	29,273,000	30,960,000	1,687,000	1,057,000
	45-54	28,197,000	26,347,000	26,842,000	27,753,000	912,000	−443,000
	55-64	23,206,000	21,846,000	22,230,000	23,130,000	900,000	−76,000
	65 & up	7,866,000	7,325,000	7,630,000	8,011,000	382,000	146,000
Sample size
	All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714
Gender	Male	78,633	68,252	68,586	66,361
	Female	76,094	65,419	65,591	63,353
Race/ethnicity	White	104,491	91,644	89,917	85,487
	Black	15,570	13,234	13,657	13,218
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882
	Asian	10,236	8,842	9,293	9,512
	Other	2,003	1,620	1,669	1,615
Age	16-24	18,696	15,210	16,139	15,440
	25-34	34,093	28,809	29,376	28,324
	35-44	33,172	29,094	29,390	28,632
	45-54	31,451	27,351	26,859	25,785
	55-64	27,428	24,275	23,513	22,638
	65 & up	9,887	8,932	8,900	8,895
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes. These potential errors are, by definition, larger for less than full-year estimates.
** The race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute (EPI) analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Extracts, EPI Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.32 (2022), https://microdata.epi.org.