Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2024
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Change
								2024-2023	2024-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	11.2%	11.1%	−0.1	−0.5
Gender	Male	12.0%	12.3%	11.9%	11.6%	11.6%	11.3%	−0.3	−0.7
	Female	11.0%	11.8%	11.3%	10.9%	10.7%	10.8%	0.1	−0.2
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	11.9%	12.3%	12.0%	11.6%	11.4%	11.2%	−0.2	−0.7
	Black	12.3%	13.6%	12.8%	12.6%	13.1%	13.1%	−0.1	0.8
	Hispanic	10.2%	11.0%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	9.7%	−0.3	−0.4
	AAPI	10.6%	10.3%	9.5%	9.7%	9.6%	10.1%	0.5	−0.4
	Other	10.8%	9.1%	9.0%	10.0%	8.7%	10.0%	1.3	−0.8
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	11.5%	12.0%	11.6%	11.2%	11.1%	10.8%	−0.2	−0.7
	Black	12.7%	13.9%	12.9%	12.8%	13.1%	13.2%	0.1	0.5
	Hispanic	10.2%	11.0%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	9.7%	−0.3	−0.4
	Asian	10.0%	9.9%	9.0%	9.2%	9.0%	9.8%	0.8	−0.2
Age	16-24	5.2%	5.1%	5.2%	5.2%	5.1%	5.3%	0.2	0.1
	25-34	10.2%	11.0%	10.7%	10.2%	10.2%	9.9%	−0.3	−0.3
	35-44	13.1%	13.4%	12.7%	12.4%	12.4%	12.2%	−0.2	−0.9
	45-54	13.9%	14.6%	14.5%	14.1%	14.0%	13.8%	−0.3	−0.1
	55-64	14.0%	14.6%	13.6%	13.4%	13.3%	13.0%	−0.2	−1.0
	65 & up	10.9%	10.1%	9.9%	10.4%	9.7%	10.2%	0.4	−0.8
Membership (%)
	All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	9.9%	−0.1	−0.4
Gender	Male	10.8%	11.0%	10.6%	10.5%	10.4%	10.2%	−0.2	−0.6
	Female	9.7%	10.5%	9.9%	9.6%	9.5%	9.5%	0.0	−0.2
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10.7%	11.0%	10.7%	10.4%	10.1%	10.0%	−0.1	−0.7
	Black	10.9%	12.1%	11.5%	11.4%	11.9%	11.7%	−0.2	0.8
	Hispanic	8.9%	9.8%	9.0%	8.9%	9.0%	8.5%	−0.5	−0.3
	AAPI	9.4%	9.3%	8.2%	8.8%	8.3%	8.9%	0.6	−0.4
	Other	9.7%	8.0%	8.4%	8.1%	7.8%	9.6%	1.7	−0.1
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	10.3%	10.7%	10.3%	10.0%	9.8%	9.6%	−0.2	−0.7
	Black	11.2%	12.3%	11.5%	11.5%	11.8%	11.8%	0.0	0.6
	Hispanic	8.9%	9.8%	9.0%	8.9%	9.0%	8.5%	−0.5	−0.3
	Asian	8.8%	8.9%	7.7%	8.3%	7.8%	8.5%	0.7	−0.2
Age	16-24	4.4%	4.4%	4.2%	4.4%	4.3%	4.2%	−0.1	−0.2
	25-34	8.8%	9.8%	9.4%	9.0%	9.0%	8.8%	−0.2	0.0
	35-44	11.8%	12.2%	11.3%	11.1%	11.1%	10.8%	−0.2	−0.9
	45-54	12.5%	13.1%	13.1%	12.6%	12.7%	12.5%	−0.2	0.0
	55-64	12.7%	13.1%	12.1%	12.1%	12.0%	11.8%	−0.2	−0.9
	65 & up	9.8%	8.9%	8.7%	9.2%	8.6%	9.0%	0.4	−0.8
Coverage
	All	16,375,000	15,936,000	15,795,000	15,996,000	16,186,000	16,015,000	−172,000	−360,000
Gender	Male	8,840,000	8,429,000	8,407,000	8,551,000	8,725,000	8,470,000	−255,000	−369,000
	Female	7,535,000	7,507,000	7,388,000	7,445,000	7,461,000	7,544,000	83,000	9,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10,343,000	9,983,000	9,958,000	9,859,000	9,740,000	9,500,000	−240,000	−843,000
	Black	2,205,000	2,269,000	2,207,000	2,303,000	2,488,000	2,476,000	−12,000	271,000
	Hispanic	2,585,000	2,587,000	2,548,000	2,653,000	2,744,000	2,747,000	2,000	161,000
	AAPI	1,074,000	974,000	949,000	1,030,000	1,079,000	1,136,000	56,000	61,000
	Other	168,000	123,000	133,000	151,000	135,000	157,000	22,000	−11,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	12,579,000	12,222,000	12,140,000	12,113,000	12,127,000	11,840,000	−287,000	−740,000
	Black	2,308,000	2,321,000	2,229,000	2,369,000	2,507,000	2,521,000	14,000	214,000
	Hispanic	2,585,000	2,587,000	2,548,000	2,653,000	2,744,000	2,747,000	2,000	161,000
	Asian	930,000	852,000	818,000	881,000	902,000	994,000	92,000	65,000
Age	16-24	985,000	858,000	941,000	974,000	1,013,000	1,021,000	9,000	37,000
	25-34	3,450,000	3,461,000	3,459,000	3,353,000	3,432,000	3,315,000	−117,000	−135,000
	35-44	3,911,000	3,827,000	3,727,000	3,833,000	3,926,000	3,958,000	32,000	47,000
	45-54	3,910,000	3,849,000	3,886,000	3,910,000	3,956,000	3,872,000	−84,000	−38,000
	55-64	3,259,000	3,200,000	3,031,000	3,094,000	3,053,000	2,971,000	−82,000	−288,000
	65 & up	860,000	740,000	752,000	832,000	807,000	877,000	70,000	17,000
Membership
	All	14,567,000	14,250,000	14,004,000	14,280,000	14,415,000	14,245,000	−170,000	−321,000
Gender	Male	7,945,000	7,580,000	7,514,000	7,771,000	7,841,000	7,630,000	−211,000	−315,000
	Female	6,621,000	6,670,000	6,490,000	6,510,000	6,574,000	6,615,000	41,000	−6,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	9,247,000	8,939,000	8,866,000	8,802,000	8,642,000	8,475,000	−167,000	−772,000
	Black	1,964,000	2,010,000	1,975,000	2,084,000	2,250,000	2,214,000	−36,000	250,000
	Hispanic	2,254,000	2,317,000	2,219,000	2,337,000	2,463,000	2,407,000	−56,000	153,000
	AAPI	950,000	875,000	819,000	935,000	938,000	998,000	60,000	48,000
	Other	151,000	109,000	125,000	123,000	122,000	151,000	29,000	0
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	11,205,000	10,943,000	10,769,000	10,794,000	10,773,000	10,506,000	−266,000	−698,000
	Black	2,040,000	2,056,000	1,990,000	2,135,000	2,260,000	2,264,000	4,000	223,000
	Hispanic	2,254,000	2,317,000	2,219,000	2,337,000	2,463,000	2,407,000	−56,000	153,000
	Asian	816,000	764,000	705,000	800,000	785,000	867,000	82,000	51,000
Age	16-24	834,000	733,000	751,000	827,000	858,000	816,000	−41,000	−18,000
	25-34	2,962,000	3,077,000	3,052,000	2,968,000	3,008,000	2,935,000	−73,000	−27,000
	35-44	3,523,000	3,468,000	3,310,000	3,444,000	3,511,000	3,509,000	−2,000	−13,000
	45-54	3,530,000	3,453,000	3,525,000	3,508,000	3,568,000	3,514,000	−55,000	−17,000
	55-64	2,947,000	2,865,000	2,699,000	2,798,000	2,750,000	2,690,000	−61,000	−257,000
	65 & up	770,000	654,000	667,000	736,000	719,000	781,000	62,000	11,000
Total employment
	All	141,766,000	132,205,000	136,421,000	141,698,000	144,567,000	144,543,000	−24,000	2,777,000
Gender	Male	73,368,000	68,733,000	70,756,000	73,690,000	75,094,000	74,808,000	−287,000	1,439,000
	Female	68,398,000	63,472,000	65,664,000	68,009,000	69,473,000	69,735,000	262,000	1,337,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	86,640,000	81,213,000	83,045,000	84,878,000	85,470,000	84,614,000	−856,000	−2,026,000
	Black	17,992,000	16,642,000	17,198,000	18,287,000	18,931,000	18,932,000	1,000	940,000
	Hispanic	25,423,000	23,567,000	24,727,000	26,394,000	27,367,000	28,221,000	854,000	2,799,000
	AAPI	10,157,000	9,429,000	9,968,000	10,622,000	11,240,000	11,202,000	−37,000	1,045,000
	Other	1,554,000	1,355,000	1,482,000	1,518,000	1,560,000	1,574,000	14,000	19,000
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	109,157,000	102,155,000	104,942,000	108,251,000	109,706,000	109,495,000	−211,000	338,000
	Black	18,232,000	16,734,000	17,340,000	18,501,000	19,185,000	19,150,000	−35,000	918,000
	Hispanic	25,423,000	23,567,000	24,727,000	26,394,000	27,367,000	28,221,000	854,000	2,799,000
	Asian	9,298,000	8,580,000	9,122,000	9,610,000	10,047,000	10,146,000	99,000	848,000
Age	16-24	18,867,000	16,752,000	18,091,000	18,814,000	19,766,000	19,211,000	−554,000	345,000
	25-34	33,728,000	31,446,000	32,356,000	33,030,000	33,589,000	33,409,000	−180,000	−319,000
	35-44	29,903,000	28,490,000	29,273,000	30,960,000	31,733,000	32,397,000	665,000	2,495,000
	45-54	28,197,000	26,347,000	26,842,000	27,753,000	28,181,000	28,092,000	−89,000	−105,000
	55-64	23,206,000	21,846,000	22,230,000	23,130,000	22,981,000	22,793,000	−188,000	−414,000
	65 & up	7,866,000	7,325,000	7,630,000	8,011,000	8,317,000	8,641,000	323,000	775,000
Sample size
	All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714	125,755	125,586
Gender	Male	78,633	68,252	68,586	66,361	64,079	64,060
	Female	76,094	65,419	65,591	63,353	61,676	61,526
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	104,491	91,644	89,917	85,487	82,151	81,427
	Black	15,570	13,234	13,657	13,218	12,696	12,160
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031	20,910
	AAPI	10,236	8,842	9,293	9,512	9,276	9,503
	Other	2,003	1,620	1,669	1,615	1,601	1,586
Race/ethnicity (BLS***)	White	124,948	108,361	107,668	103,483	100,355	100,364
	Black	15,566	13,181	13,689	13,247	12,710	12,207
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031	20,910
	Asian	9,027	7,833	8,295	8,338	8,042	8,374
Age	16-24	18,696	15,210	16,139	15,440	15,174	15,109
	25-34	34,093	28,809	29,376	28,324	27,207	27,045
	35-44	33,172	29,094	29,390	28,632	27,722	28,161
	45-54	31,451	27,351	26,859	25,785	25,084	24,895
	55-64	27,428	24,275	23,513	22,638	21,606	21,212
	65 & up	9,887	8,932	8,900	8,895	8,962	9,164
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.60, https://microdata.epi.org.