Race/ethnicity (BLS***) Race/ethnicity (BLS***) Race/ethnicity (BLS***) Race/ethnicity (BLS***) Race/ethnicity (BLS***) Race/ethnicity (BLS***)

Table 4: Union membership and union coverage, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2023
By selected characteristics
		2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Change
							2023-2022	2023-2019
Coverage (%)
	All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	11.2%	−0.1	−0.4
Gender	Male	12.0%	12.3%	11.9%	11.6%	11.6%	0.0	−0.4
	Female	11.0%	11.8%	11.3%	10.9%	10.7%	−0.2	−0.3
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	11.9%	12.3%	12.0%	11.6%	11.4%	−0.2	−0.5
	Black	12.3%	13.6%	12.8%	12.6%	13.1%	0.5	0.9
	Hispanic	10.2%	11.0%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	0.0	−0.1
	AAPI	10.6%	10.3%	9.5%	9.7%	9.6%	−0.1	−1.0
	Other	10.8%	9.1%	9.0%	10.0%	8.7%	−1.3	−2.1
White	11.5%	12.0%	11.6%	11.2%	11.1%	−0.1	−0.5
Black	12.7%	13.9%	12.9%	12.8%	13.1%	0.3	0.4
Hispanic	10.2%	11.0%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	0.0	−0.1
Asian	10.0%	9.9%	9.0%	9.2%	9.0%	−0.2	−1.0
Age	16-24	5.2%	5.1%	5.2%	5.2%	5.1%	−0.1	−0.1
	25-34	10.2%	11.0%	10.7%	10.2%	10.2%	0.1	0.0
	35-44	13.1%	13.4%	12.7%	12.4%	12.4%	0.0	−0.7
	45-54	13.9%	14.6%	14.5%	14.1%	14.0%	−0.1	0.2
	55-64	14.0%	14.6%	13.6%	13.4%	13.3%	−0.1	−0.8
	65 & up	10.9%	10.1%	9.9%	10.4%	9.7%	−0.7	−1.2
Membership (%)
	All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	−0.1	−0.3
Gender	Male	10.8%	11.0%	10.6%	10.5%	10.4%	−0.1	−0.4
	Female	9.7%	10.5%	9.9%	9.6%	9.5%	−0.1	−0.2
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10.7%	11.0%	10.7%	10.4%	10.1%	−0.3	−0.6
	Black	10.9%	12.1%	11.5%	11.4%	11.9%	0.5	1.0
	Hispanic	8.9%	9.8%	9.0%	8.9%	9.0%	0.1	0.1
	AAPI	9.4%	9.3%	8.2%	8.8%	8.3%	−0.5	−1.0
	Other	9.7%	8.0%	8.4%	8.1%	7.8%	−0.3	−1.9
White	10.3%	10.7%	10.3%	10.0%	9.8%	−0.2	−0.4
Black	11.2%	12.3%	11.5%	11.5%	11.8%	0.2	0.6
Hispanic	8.9%	9.8%	9.0%	8.9%	9.0%	0.1	0.1
Asian	8.8%	8.9%	7.7%	8.3%	7.8%	−0.5	−1.0
Age	16-24	4.4%	4.4%	4.2%	4.4%	4.3%	−0.1	−0.1
	25-34	8.8%	9.8%	9.4%	9.0%	9.0%	0.0	0.2
	35-44	11.8%	12.2%	11.3%	11.1%	11.1%	−0.1	−0.7
	45-54	12.5%	13.1%	13.1%	12.6%	12.7%	0.0	0.1
	55-64	12.7%	13.1%	12.1%	12.1%	12.0%	−0.1	−0.7
	65 & up	9.8%	8.9%	8.7%	9.2%	8.6%	−0.5	−1.1
Coverage
	All	16,375,000	15,936,000	15,795,000	15,996,000	16,186,000	190,000	−189,000
Gender	Male	8,840,000	8,429,000	8,407,000	8,551,000	8,725,000	174,000	−115,000
	Female	7,535,000	7,507,000	7,388,000	7,445,000	7,461,000	16,000	−74,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	10,343,000	9,983,000	9,958,000	9,859,000	9,740,000	−119,000	−603,000
	Black	2,205,000	2,269,000	2,207,000	2,303,000	2,488,000	185,000	283,000
	Hispanic	2,585,000	2,587,000	2,548,000	2,653,000	2,744,000	91,000	159,000
	AAPI	1,074,000	974,000	949,000	1,030,000	1,079,000	49,000	5,000
	Other	168,000	123,000	133,000	151,000	135,000	−16,000	−32,000
White	12,579,000	12,222,000	12,140,000	12,113,000	12,127,000	14,000	−453,000
Black	2,308,000	2,321,000	2,229,000	2,369,000	2,507,000	138,000	199,000
Hispanic	2,585,000	2,587,000	2,548,000	2,653,000	2,744,000	91,000	159,000
Asian	930,000	852,000	818,000	881,000	902,000	21,000	−27,000
Age	16-24	985,000	858,000	941,000	974,000	1,013,000	39,000	28,000
	25-34	3,450,000	3,461,000	3,459,000	3,353,000	3,432,000	79,000	−18,000
	35-44	3,911,000	3,827,000	3,727,000	3,833,000	3,926,000	93,000	15,000
	45-54	3,910,000	3,849,000	3,886,000	3,910,000	3,956,000	45,000	46,000
	55-64	3,259,000	3,200,000	3,031,000	3,094,000	3,053,000	−41,000	−206,000
	65 & up	860,000	740,000	752,000	832,000	807,000	−25,000	−53,000
Membership
	All	14,567,000	14,250,000	14,004,000	14,280,000	14,415,000	135,000	−151,000
Gender	Male	7,945,000	7,580,000	7,514,000	7,771,000	7,841,000	71,000	−104,000
	Female	6,621,000	6,670,000	6,490,000	6,510,000	6,574,000	64,000	−47,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	9,247,000	8,939,000	8,866,000	8,802,000	8,642,000	−159,000	−605,000
	Black	1,964,000	2,010,000	1,975,000	2,084,000	2,250,000	166,000	286,000
	Hispanic	2,254,000	2,317,000	2,219,000	2,337,000	2,463,000	126,000	209,000
	AAPI	950,000	875,000	819,000	935,000	938,000	3,000	−12,000
	Other	151,000	109,000	125,000	123,000	122,000	−1,000	−29,000
White	11,205,000	10,943,000	10,769,000	10,794,000	10,773,000	−22,000	−432,000
Black	2,040,000	2,056,000	1,990,000	2,135,000	2,260,000	125,000	219,000
Hispanic	2,254,000	2,317,000	2,219,000	2,337,000	2,463,000	126,000	209,000
Asian	816,000	764,000	705,000	800,000	785,000	−15,000	−31,000
Age	16-24	834,000	733,000	751,000	827,000	858,000	31,000	24,000
	25-34	2,962,000	3,077,000	3,052,000	2,968,000	3,008,000	41,000	46,000
	35-44	3,523,000	3,468,000	3,310,000	3,444,000	3,511,000	67,000	−12,000
	45-54	3,530,000	3,453,000	3,525,000	3,508,000	3,568,000	61,000	38,000
	55-64	2,947,000	2,865,000	2,699,000	2,798,000	2,750,000	−48,000	−196,000
	65 & up	770,000	654,000	667,000	736,000	719,000	−17,000	−51,000
Total employment
	All	141,766,000	132,205,000	136,421,000	141,698,000	144,567,000	2,869,000	2,801,000
Gender	Male	73,368,000	68,733,000	70,756,000	73,690,000	75,094,000	1,404,000	1,726,000
	Female	68,398,000	63,472,000	65,664,000	68,009,000	69,473,000	1,464,000	1,075,000
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	86,640,000	81,213,000	83,045,000	84,878,000	85,470,000	592,000	−1,170,000
	Black	17,992,000	16,642,000	17,198,000	18,287,000	18,931,000	644,000	939,000
	Hispanic	25,423,000	23,567,000	24,727,000	26,394,000	27,367,000	973,000	1,944,000
	AAPI	10,157,000	9,429,000	9,968,000	10,622,000	11,240,000	618,000	1,082,000
	Other	1,554,000	1,355,000	1,482,000	1,518,000	1,560,000	42,000	5,000
White	109,157,000	102,155,000	104,942,000	108,251,000	109,706,000	1,455,000	549,000
Black	18,232,000	16,734,000	17,340,000	18,501,000	19,185,000	684,000	954,000
Hispanic	25,423,000	23,567,000	24,727,000	26,394,000	27,367,000	973,000	1,944,000
Asian	9,298,000	8,580,000	9,122,000	9,610,000	10,047,000	437,000	748,000
Age	16-24	18,867,000	16,752,000	18,091,000	18,814,000	19,766,000	951,000	899,000
	25-34	33,728,000	31,446,000	32,356,000	33,030,000	33,589,000	559,000	−139,000
	35-44	29,903,000	28,490,000	29,273,000	30,960,000	31,733,000	773,000	1,830,000
	45-54	28,197,000	26,347,000	26,842,000	27,753,000	28,181,000	428,000	−15,000
	55-64	23,206,000	21,846,000	22,230,000	23,130,000	22,981,000	−149,000	−225,000
	65 & up	7,866,000	7,325,000	7,630,000	8,011,000	8,317,000	306,000	452,000
Sample size
	All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714	125,755
Male	78,633	68,252	68,586	66,361	64,079
Female	76,094	65,419	65,591	63,353	61,676
Race/ethnicity (EPI**)	White	104,491	91,644	89,917	85,487	82,151
	Black	15,570	13,234	13,657	13,218	12,696
	Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031
	AAPI	10,236	8,842	9,293	9,512	9,276
	Other	2,003	1,620	1,669	1,615	1,601
White	124,948	108,361	107,668	103,483	100,355
Black	15,566	13,181	13,689	13,247	12,710
Hispanic	22,427	18,331	19,641	19,882	20,031
Asian	9,027	7,833	8,295	8,338	8,042
Age	16-24	18,696	15,210	16,139	15,440	15,174
	25-34	34,093	28,809	29,376	28,324	27,207
	35-44	33,172	29,094	29,390	28,632	27,722
	45-54	31,451	27,351	26,859	25,785	25,084
	55-64	27,428	24,275	23,513	22,638	21,606
	65 & up	9,887	8,932	8,900	8,895	8,962
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
** The EPI race/ethnicity categories in this table are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Data here will not match published BLS data because the BLS categories are not mutually exclusive.
*** The BLS race/ethnicity categories in this table are not mutually exclusive (i.e., white, Black, and Hispanic overlapping any race) to more closely match published BLS data.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2020. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.47, https://microdata.epi.org.