Table 1: Union membership and union coverage, January to December, 2019 to 2022
	2019	2020	2021	2022	Change
					2022-2021	2022-2019
Coverage (%)
All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	−0.3	−0.3
Private sector	7.1%	7.2%	7.0%	6.8%	−0.2	−0.3
Public sector	37.2%	38.4%	37.6%	36.8%	−0.8	−0.4
Federal	30.5%	30.0%	29.1%	28.2%	−0.9	−2.3
State and local	38.7%	40.3%	39.5%	38.7%	−0.8	0.1
State	32.3%	33.7%	33.1%	33.2%	0.0	0.8
Local	43.0%	45.1%	43.9%	42.7%	−1.2	−0.3
Membership (%)
All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	−0.2	−0.2
Private sector	6.2%	6.3%	6.1%	6.0%	−0.1	−0.2
Public sector	33.6%	34.8%	33.9%	33.2%	−0.7	−0.4
Federal	25.6%	26.0%	24.9%	24.4%	−0.5	−1.3
State and local	35.3%	36.8%	35.9%	35.2%	−0.7	−0.2
State	29.4%	29.9%	29.6%	30.0%	0.4	0.6
Local	39.4%	41.8%	40.2%	38.8%	−1.4	−0.6
Coverage
All	16,375,000	15,936,000	15,795,000	15,996,000	200,000	−379,000
Private sector	8,562,000	8,021,000	8,050,000	8,164,000	114,000	−398,000
Public sector	7,813,000	7,915,000	7,745,000	7,832,000	87,000	19,000
Federal	1,156,000	1,165,000	1,109,000	1,123,000	14,000	−33,000
State and local	6,657,000	6,750,000	6,637,000	6,710,000	73,000	53,000
State	2,249,000	2,347,000	2,272,000	2,373,000	101,000	125,000
Local	4,409,000	4,403,000	4,364,000	4,337,000	−28,000	−72,000
Membership
All	14,567,000	14,250,000	14,004,000	14,280,000	277,000	−287,000
Private sector	7,508,000	7,082,000	7,026,000	7,219,000	193,000	−289,000
Public sector	7,059,000	7,168,000	6,978,000	7,061,000	83,000	2,000
Federal	972,000	1,012,000	950,000	970,000	20,000	−2,000
State and local	6,087,000	6,156,000	6,027,000	6,091,000	63,000	4,000
State	2,043,000	2,083,000	2,032,000	2,144,000	112,000	101,000
Local	4,044,000	4,073,000	3,996,000	3,947,000	−49,000	−98,000
Total employment
All	141,766,000	132,205,000	136,421,000	141,698,000	5,278,000	−68,000
Private sector	120,755,000	111,587,000	115,807,000	120,400,000	4,593,000	−355,000
Public sector	21,011,000	20,618,000	20,613,000	21,298,000	685,000	287,000
Federal	3,792,000	3,888,000	3,814,000	3,982,000	168,000	190,000
State and local	17,219,000	16,730,000	16,799,000	17,317,000	517,000	97,000
State	6,956,000	6,975,000	6,862,000	7,156,000	294,000	200,000
Local	10,263,000	9,754,000	9,937,000	10,161,000	223,000	−103,000
Sample size
All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714
Private sector	129,865	111,050	112,246	108,688
Public sector	24,862	22,621	21,931	21,026
Federal	4,812	4,703	4,478	4,367
State and local	20,050	17,918	17,453	16,659
State	8,652	7,969	7,681	7,389
Local	11,398	9,949	9,772	9,270
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes. These potential errors are, by definition, larger for less than full-year estimates.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute (EPI) analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Extracts, EPI Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.32 (2022), https://microdata.epi.org.