Table 1: Union membership and union coverage, 12-months ending December, 2019 to 2024
	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	Change
							2024-2023	2024-2019
Coverage (%)
All	11.6%	12.1%	11.6%	11.3%	11.2%	11.1%	−0.1	−0.5
Private sector	7.1%	7.2%	7.0%	6.8%	6.8%	6.7%	−0.2	−0.4
Public sector	37.2%	38.4%	37.6%	36.8%	36.0%	35.7%	−0.2	−1.4
Federal	30.5%	30.0%	29.1%	28.2%	29.0%	29.9%	0.9	−0.6
State and local	38.7%	40.3%	39.5%	38.7%	37.6%	37.1%	−0.5	−1.5
State	32.3%	33.7%	33.1%	33.2%	32.0%	31.4%	−0.6	−0.9
Local	43.0%	45.1%	43.9%	42.7%	41.8%	41.4%	−0.4	−1.6
Membership (%)
All	10.3%	10.8%	10.3%	10.1%	10.0%	9.9%	−0.1	−0.4
Private sector	6.2%	6.3%	6.1%	6.0%	6.0%	5.9%	−0.1	−0.3
Public sector	33.6%	34.8%	33.9%	33.2%	32.5%	32.2%	−0.3	−1.4
Federal	25.6%	26.0%	24.9%	24.4%	25.1%	25.3%	0.2	−0.3
State and local	35.3%	36.8%	35.9%	35.2%	34.2%	33.8%	−0.4	−1.6
State	29.4%	29.9%	29.6%	30.0%	28.6%	27.9%	−0.7	−1.5
Local	39.4%	41.8%	40.2%	38.8%	38.4%	38.2%	−0.2	−1.2
Coverage
All	16,375,000	15,936,000	15,795,000	15,996,000	16,186,000	16,015,000	−172,000	−360,000
Private sector	8,562,000	8,021,000	8,050,000	8,164,000	8,424,000	8,215,000	−209,000	−347,000
Public sector	7,813,000	7,915,000	7,745,000	7,832,000	7,763,000	7,800,000	37,000	−13,000
Federal	1,156,000	1,165,000	1,109,000	1,123,000	1,193,000	1,247,000	54,000	92,000
State and local	6,657,000	6,750,000	6,637,000	6,710,000	6,569,000	6,552,000	−17,000	−105,000
State	2,249,000	2,347,000	2,272,000	2,373,000	2,375,000	2,361,000	−14,000	113,000
Local	4,409,000	4,403,000	4,364,000	4,337,000	4,194,000	4,191,000	−3,000	−217,000
Membership
All	14,567,000	14,250,000	14,004,000	14,280,000	14,415,000	14,245,000	−170,000	−321,000
Private sector	7,508,000	7,082,000	7,026,000	7,219,000	7,408,000	7,229,000	−179,000	−279,000
Public sector	7,059,000	7,168,000	6,978,000	7,061,000	7,007,000	7,017,000	10,000	−42,000
Federal	972,000	1,012,000	950,000	970,000	1,032,000	1,056,000	24,000	84,000
State and local	6,087,000	6,156,000	6,027,000	6,091,000	5,975,000	5,961,000	−14,000	−126,000
State	2,043,000	2,083,000	2,032,000	2,144,000	2,121,000	2,094,000	−27,000	51,000
Local	4,044,000	4,073,000	3,996,000	3,947,000	3,855,000	3,867,000	13,000	−177,000
Total employment
All	141,766,000	132,205,000	136,421,000	141,698,000	144,567,000	144,543,000	−24,000	2,777,000
Private sector	120,755,000	111,587,000	115,807,000	120,400,000	122,994,000	122,722,000	−272,000	1,967,000
Public sector	21,011,000	20,618,000	20,613,000	21,298,000	21,573,000	21,821,000	248,000	809,000
Federal	3,792,000	3,888,000	3,814,000	3,982,000	4,109,000	4,169,000	60,000	377,000
State and local	17,219,000	16,730,000	16,799,000	17,317,000	17,464,000	17,652,000	188,000	433,000
State	6,956,000	6,975,000	6,862,000	7,156,000	7,419,000	7,517,000	98,000	561,000
Local	10,263,000	9,754,000	9,937,000	10,161,000	10,045,000	10,135,000	90,000	−128,000
Sample size
All	154,727	133,671	134,177	129,714	125,755	125,586
Private sector	129,865	111,050	112,246	108,688	105,475	105,239
Public sector	24,862	22,621	21,931	21,026	20,280	20,347
Federal	4,812	4,703	4,478	4,367	4,224	4,269
State and local	20,050	17,918	17,453	16,659	16,056	16,078
State	8,652	7,969	7,681	7,389	7,314	7,349
Local	11,398	9,949	9,772	9,270	8,742	8,729
* Many estimates here and in the final published BLS report are subject to substantial sampling error due to small underlying sample sizes.
Note: Workers 16 and older; excludes self-employed and self-incorporated. Changes may not match exactly due to rounding.
Source: Economic Policy Institute. 2022. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.60, https://microdata.epi.org.